Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain medium. This type of laser emits light at a wavelength of 1064 nm in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. ...

A lamp that has mercury in a tube or bulb that has first been evacuated. The electricity travels through the vapor between...

A thermosetting material used in the jacket of fiber optic cables.

The formation of a distinct, irregular surface pattern on a photographic emulsion due to differential swelling of the...

A reflecting prism that is rhomboidal in shape. It has two parallel transmitting faces, and two parallel reflecting faces;...

For an electromagnetic field mode varying sinusoidally with time at a given frequency, the logarithmic rate of change, with...

A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a type of laser system that uses semiconductor diode lasers to pump energy into...

Best point of focus for an image in a beam of light at the smallest cross section of the beam.

A quantum dot is a nanoscale semiconductor structure, typically composed of materials like cadmium selenide or indium...

A wave in the electromagnetic spectrum that has both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.

A type of motor that acts as the control element in a servomechanism. It is powered by an amplifier circuit and drives the...

A metalens, short for "metasurface lens," is a type of optical lens that uses nanostructured materials to manipulate light...

Increase in the diameter of an initially collimated beam, as measured in milliradians (mrad) at specified points; i.e.,...

Anisotropic is a term used to describe a material or substance that exhibits different properties or behaviors in different...

In aerial photography, the geometric method of indicating the three-dimensional location of ground points from a pair of...

A solid-state laser that is continuously tunable in the wavelength region from 700 to 1100 nm. It is suitable for both...

Equipment that supports microscopic live-cell imaging by managing the gas, media perfusion, temperature and other factors to...

A semitransparent mirror in an optical system that combines two or more output beams into a single coaxial beam.

A long-pass filter is an optical filter that allows longer wavelengths of light to pass through while blocking or...

Formula that describes the thermal equilibrium of gas electrons and ions as a direct function of variations in temperature.

Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...

An array of active optical devices (modulators, laser diodes and/or detectors), each of whose electrical inputs or outputs...

A light source, such as the sun or an incandescent lamp, that freely penetrates ordinary glass bulbs and emits in the...

An instrument incorporating an infrared detector assembly, used to analyze carbon dioxide gases and in medical applications...

A sudden, brief increase in current or voltage in a circuit that can damage sensitive components and instruments. Preventive...

The use of photographs taken from the air to construct graphic maps and charts of ground surfaces.

Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of transparent and colorless...

An electrowetting display (EWD) is a type of electronic display technology that utilizes the principles of electrowetting to...

An instrument used to detect radioactive materials: alpha particles or helium nuclei; beta particles or free electrons; and...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

Short-lived molecular or atomic particles, with an unpaired electron, that play an important part in many photochemical...

The unit angle, within an arc of a circle, equal to the radius of the circle (180/p°, numerically).

One of a class of crystalline substances belonging to triclinic, monoclinic and orthorhombic systems that have two optic...

More efficient than the Foucault knife-edge test, this test examines curved mirrors by using a transmission grating with 40...

A pathogen is a biological agent, such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite, that causes disease in its...

Device in which the various circuit elements are fabricated in different substrate materials and then appropriately joined...

A gradual change in the output of a circuit or instrument over time.

The addition to the information signal in communications of redundant bits that enable the originally encoded message to be...

The velocity from object to observer, directed along the line of sight.

An interferometer spectrometer designed to measure thicknesses of thin films or layers by recording the interferogram and by...

A type of surface-emitting laser diode that uses dielectric mirrors to produce surface emission. The laser cavity is...

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that occurs when two photons with the same frequency combine...

With respect to television, the returning direction of the electron beam during the vertical blanking period.

A system of mirrors that can be used to direct light from a single laser source into any one of a number of separate optical...

Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...

A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...

Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...

A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite characterized by its standardized size and modular design. CubeSats are...

The control of an instrument or electrical circuit by the current produced by varying radiation incident to a photoelectric...

A system that uses a continuous-wave laser to measure the velocity of an object by focusing the laser beam on the object,...

A system that uses infrared detectors and related instrumentation to determine when abnormal amounts of infrared radiation,...

A vacuum gauge designed to measure very high degrees of vacuum by thermal conduction.

In vitro is a Latin term that translates to "in glass." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and medicine, it...

The inhibition or elimination of one process by another process. The stimulated emission of a laser oscillator can be...

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, is an optical...

A network interface card (NIC), also known as a network adapter or LAN adapter, is a hardware component that allows...

A Peltier cooler, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or thermoelectric module, is a solid-state device that uses...

An optical system in which the only image-forming elements are curved-surface mirrors; e.g., a Cassegrain lens system.

The prevailing temperature in the immediate vicinity of the object; the temperature of its environment.

1. A flaw in a blank caused by folding the blank's surface during its formation. 2. The change in the direction of a...

A liquid crystal light valve (LCLV), also known as a spatial light modulator (SLM), is an optical device that modulates the...

Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...

In a reflecting telescope, the obstruction of the primary mirror by a secondary mirror which blocks a small amount of the...

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...

A laser output that occurs when the cavity resonator Q is first kept very low, using rotating mirrors or saturable...

State typically studied in liquid crystals in which the dielectric coefficient parallel to the director is less than the...

An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...

A light ray that has had its direction altered because of its traversing an air-to-glass interface at some angle. In an...

Radiation from the sun that is made up of a very wide range of wavelengths, from the long infrared to the short ultraviolet...

A combination of a polarizer and an analyzer that is used to detect birefringence or rotation of the plane of polarization...

A laser oscillator in which two mirrors are separated by an amplifying medium with an inverted population, making a...

Positioning generally refers to the determination or identification of the location or placement of an object, person, or...

An image of an object that appears above the object's true position as the result of abnormal refraction of the image rays...

Calculations of lens aberrations whereby the first two terms of the series expansion are the only ones employed....

A defect on a polished optical surface whose length is many times its width. Block reek is a chainlike scratch formed in...

A small instrument containing a picture support and a pair of magnifying lenses so arranged that the left eye sees only the...

A double-surfaced catadioptric spherical mirror whose spherical first surface consists of a negative meniscus (concave) lens...

An early graphic scheme of colors in which saturated spectral colors are plotted around the circumference of a circle....

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

Ratiometry is a technique used in various scientific fields, particularly in analytical chemistry and biochemistry, to...

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to obtain high-resolution,...

A group of single emitter laser diodes, usually arranged vertically or horizontally with respect to each other. The power...

A form of mirage where objects near or just below the horizon appear in enlarged or distorted form because of atmospheric...

Recombination of only the light that is correctly dispersed by the first stage of a polychromator through its wide...

A beam instability, induced by index of refraction inhomogeneities and component damage of dirt and dust particles, that...

A type of sheathing for fiber optic cable that incorporates a coil of metal; often used in harsh environments.

Discharge that results when a doped semiconductor crystal with a PN junction is charged with a low-voltage direct current....

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot onboard. UAVs are remotely...

A digital twin refers to a virtual representation or digital counterpart of a physical object, system, or process. This...

A grating that specularly reflects the specified long radiation wavelengths and diffracts the shorter wavelengths off in...

A multiple-beam interferometer, usually consisting of two flat plates, with high reflective ability. The plates are set...

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment or experience that can be...

A form of a stereoscopic microscope having paired objectives, prisms and eyepieces, and invented by H. Greenough.

A geometric representation of a light path through an optical device; a line normal to the wavefront indicating the...

The effect discovered by Faraday in 1845 whereby nonoptically active materials or substances become capable of rotating the...

A protective jacket added to an optical fiber to facilitate use in harsh environments. Armor usually consists of steel or...

A scattering photometer using scattered light in the solid angle 4.51+0 19° with respect to the forward direction, and...

A device used in solar systems to direct mirror-reflected sunlight to a heat absorber and heat-driven engine, which turns a...

A hologram formed without lenses and with the object and reference points sharing the same plane. In the initial recording,...

Etaloning is an optical phenomenon that occurs in imaging systems, particularly in devices such as spectrometers,...

A filter that polarizes light passing through it. It is possible to fabricate sheets of plastic or gelatin that contain...

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...

The acoustical holographic process in which the hologram consists of slight elevations in a liquid surface, in the areas of...

The ratio of the radiant power transmitted to the second surface of a medium to the corresponding radiant power that has...

The region of a ferroelectric crystal where spontaneous polarization is uniformly directed.

A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a...

The angular difference in the direction of an object as seen from two points of observation. The angle subtended at the...

A transparent lead-lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramic with optical qualities that can be controlled by applying voltages...

An instrument similar to the spectroheliograph, but having a scanning method that is performed by a pair of rapidly...

A method used in facsimile scanning that sweeps the elemental area across the copy in a spiral motion as the result of the...

A wedge in a rangefinder or heightfinder used to displace the image produced by one telescope so that it coincides with that...

In fiber optics, the annular region between two concentric circles; used to specify fiber cladding and core sizes.

An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...

1. A bundle of light rays that may be parallel, converging or diverging. 2. A concentrated, unidirectional stream of...

A viewfinder whose optical system forms a direct image of a subject, as opposed to those systems that use reflectance in the...

The formation of transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors and other electronic elements directly on a flake of silicon by...

The ratio of the first focal length of a lens to the refractive index of the medium containing the incident light; the ratio...

An ophthalmic instrument used to measure the magnitude and direction of the maximum and minimum powers of a spectacle lens,...

A device used for measuring the height of clouds from a position on the ground. Measurement technique uses a vertically...

In optics, an image is the reconstruction of light rays from a source or object when light from that source or object is...

Chalcogenide refers to a class of compounds containing elements from group 16 of the periodic table, which includes sulfur...

A pulsed interferometer that permits the continuous quantitative mapping of the surface deformation of an adaptive optical...

On a display monitor, a small, mobile rectangle, cross-hair or pointer that locates a feature in an image that is the object...

In aerial photography, the ratio derived from a stereoscopic pair of photographs that represents the air-base length divided...

One of a number of nuclides characterized by an identity between their mass numbers, but each having a different atomic...

Radiation emitted by electrons when they travel in circular orbits at speeds close to that of light. Synchrotron radiation...

A moving group of fluid-suspended biological species directed through separate channels by which the population is isolated....

In a fiber optic communications network, a circuit that connects two switching centers and does not branch off to terminal...

A specific method for measuring the diameter of irregular shaped particles, Martin's diameter is the measured distance...

A lamp that emits light when an electric current passes through a resistant metallic wire situated in a vacuum tube.

A test for spherical aberration, coma or astigmatism in which incident rays from a point source are isolated by small holes...

Any irregular motion, variation in intensity or change in color that arises because of atmospheric turbulence during the...

A highly reflective mirror that is usually flat on one surface and curved on the other, and that has silver, gold or...

In spectroscopy, the false images arranged symmetrically on both sides of the true line and caused by irregularities in the...

A projector used to project transparencies. A horizontal 8 x 10-in. stage for writing or laying down preformed...

Pockels cell or dynamic optical retarder in which the electrical field is applied in a direction parallel to that of light...

Reflectance in a specified direction, for a specified direction of incident illumination.

A method of polishing an aspheric surface by mechanically distorting the optic while polishing the surface to a perfect...

A phenomenon that causes the details in an image to appear at a spatial frequency higher than that at which the contrast...

The two points on the principal axis of a mirror or lens so positioned that light emitted from either point will be focused...

Small clefts or fissures that penetrate the glass surface in the form of short-hooked crescents. Fire cracks result from a...

A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...

An InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) camera is a type of imaging device that utilizes InGaAs sensors to capture images in the...

A system that uses both reflection and refraction to achieve its focal power. While the relative powers of the lenses and...

Remote inspection refers to the process of inspecting, evaluating, or monitoring assets, equipment, infrastructure, or...

With respect to waveguides, the continuous change in the direction of the axis of the wavelength, during which the axis is...

A process, either naturally occurring or mechanically induced, whereby water is changed from its liquid state into a vapor.

The halo phenomenon of a brightly colored arc having the colors of the rainbow and lying parallel to the horizon.

A gyroscope is a mechanical device consisting of a spinning disk or wheel mounted on a spinning axis in such a way that its...

A device having a pair of decentered lenses, one for each eye, that focuses on a single object as a magnifier. It is often...

Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...

Computer numerically controlled (CNC) grinding is a manufacturing process that utilizes computerized controls and precision...

1. In the eye, the opening in the iris that permits light to pass and be focused on the retina. 2. In a lens, the image of...

Radiant flux incident per unit area of a surface. Also called radiant flux density.

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...

The coupling of laser or light beams via nonlinear optical techniques such as four-wave mixing to achieve spatial variation...

The minimum energy required to induce atomic and molecular separation or displacement due to incident intense laser...

When a stereo pair of images is switched so that the right eye sees the left image and the left eye the right, the stereo...

A microcircuit whose passive components consist of a ceramic-metal combination deposited on a given substrate by screening...

A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...

Machine vision, also known as computer vision or computer sight, refers to the technology that enables machines, typically...

The term quantum refers to the fundamental unit or discrete amount of a physical quantity involved in interactions at the...

Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...

A positive lens located at or close to an intermediate image plane. The collector refracts off-axis light bundles, directing...

A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...

Technology that uses data from an array of sensors, one of which is commonly lidar, to solve the problem of creating a map...

With respect to television, that part of a color television circuit that combines the I, Q and Y signals, and changes them...

The creation of a planned sequence of data input that is obtained while airborne for use in aerial photogrammetry and other...

A device consisting of a disc with a spiral arrangement of holes that is used to convert visible patterns into electrical...

A material used as a protective layer on an aluminized or silvered mirror. It is evaporated on the mirror as a thin layer,...

A fiber optic preform is a cylindrical glass rod or tube used as the starting material for manufacturing optical fibers. It...

The luminous flux emitted by a light source in all directions.

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is a specialized instrument used in optical fiber communications to characterize...

An imaging technique in which an object moving through an interference field formed in space scatters light and is spatially...

Diffuse light emitted by the atmosphere due to the excitation of particles of atmospheric gas. These excited particles...

The amount of time needed for a detector signal or electronic circuit to reach 63 percent of its final value after a fixed...

A thermal radiation detector consisting of a small cell with a blackened plastic front face that bulges slightly when heat...

The propagation constant evaluated along the axis of a waveguide, that is, in the direction of transmission. Also called...

There are three types of telecentric lenses: -Image-space telecentric lenses are those in which the aperture stop is...

A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....

An optical interference technique widely utilized as a method of nondestructive testing when determining the ray deflection...

That angle found between a pair of adjacent faces of a crystal.

A type of tubing used to protect optical fiber cables, consisting of a wire spiral of aluminum, galvanized steel or...

Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of...

Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or materials that have an affinity for water. The word hydrophilic comes...

An instrument designed to measure radiation indirectly through the use of several phosphors and a photomultiplier tube. The...

Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) refers to a specific range of UV radiation that has disinfectant properties capable of killing...

An interferometer similar in construction to a Fabry-Perot interferometer but having a rear mirror with high reflectivity,...

Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...

A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...

The resulting contraction or expansion of a piezoelectric crystal along an electric axis when the crystal is under the...

A test chart whose luminance changes uniformly in one direction according to a sinusoidal rule. These charts carry groups of...

A model that predicts laser-induced damage to thin films caused by irradiation of identical, randomly distributed film...

A computer-generated, phase-and-amplitude, off-axis hologram made by a multi-exposure technique that uses three computer...

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a manufacturing process that builds three-dimensional objects...

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...

Molecules composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid or tube. Also called buckyballs....

A theoretical analysis of radiation loss from planar optical waveguides due to scattering by surface irregularities/surface...

A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating that is produced using holographic recording techniques. It consists...

A solid-state semiconducting structure (basically one of the bolometers) that changes electrical resistance with...

The arrangement of two Porro prisms so that the inverted image formed by certain types of optical instruments is the same as...

A mirage that consists of an image of an object appearing below its true position as the result of abnormal refraction by...

A type of cooling system in which one fluid is used to carry heat off another without direct contact between the two.

Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...

A laser rangefinder is a device that uses laser technology to measure the distance between the device and a target. It...

A MEMS fiber optic switch is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device designed to selectively route optical signals...

Lidar, short for light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and...

A standard direct-readout vidicon tube linked by fiber optics to an intensifier for increased sensitivity.

The difference in base up or down prism power at corresponding points located on the two lenses of a pair of spectacles.

The figure of merit of a resonator, defined as (2p) x (average energy stored in the resonator)/(energy dissipated per...

A form of binary notation that includes a third code representing a stop between bits.

Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...

With respect to microscopy, light that is directed through the specimen by a substage condenser.

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry to obtain IR spectra of samples....

The naturally occurring crystalline form of silicon dioxide. It is slightly birefringent and exhibits rotary dispersion of...

A device used in the sputtering of thin films, in which a magnet system on the back of the cathode deflects the electrons,...

A structured light device using a rapidly rotating laser to project a beam of light that appears to the human eye as a...

A device for measuring linear dimensions. The optical caliper generally consists of two circularly mounted mirrors whose...

The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...

A close-up lens, semicircular in shape, that is mounted in front of a conventional lens focused at infinity. The result is...

An electrode used to release photoelectric emission when irradiated, making it then the irradiated negative electrode of a...

A laser cavity, also known as an optical cavity or resonator, is a fundamental component of a laser system. It is a confined...

An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...

A series of flanges or other conducting surfaces, usually metal, attached to an electronic device to transmit and dissipate...

Also known as radiation thermometer. A pyrometer in which the radiant intensity from the source to be measured is used to...

A fast-action shutter inserted between one end of a laser rod and the end mirror; when inserted to prevent emission and then...

An optical source that has a luminous distribution that is uniform for all directions.

A group of photosensors arranged in a grid-like pattern covering the entire field of view, enabling them to record it all at...

A mask-alignment microscope used to produce and inspect microcircuits in the electronics industry. It provides flat-field,...

For a single-mode fiber, the measurement of the irradiance distribution at the fiber's end face.

In computer graphics, the point on the display screen where the electron beam is located before the display instruction is...

A satellite-borne remote sensing device capable of transmitting images at 10 and 20 m resolution from an altitude of 830 km,...

The focal length of a lens is the distance between the lens's optical center (or principal point) and the image sensor or...

A fluorescent screen refers to a phosphorescent or fluorescent-coated surface that emits visible light when exposed to other...

A nonabsorbing, multireflecting device, similar in design to the Fabry-Perot interferometer, that serves as a multilayer,...

When a block of glass (prism, window, filter, etc.) is placed into a converging light bundle, it increases the physical...

Photocells of various kinds used to measure photometric quantities; i.e., intensity, luminance and illuminance. Meter...

Optical elements arranged with no spaces between, so that the light travels only through glass, not air.

An area in which airborne particulates can be monitored and controlled so that given size particles do not exceed a...

The equation devised by Sir G.B. Airy for the analysis of light diffraction near a caustic surface: (d2f/dz2) - zf = 0 where...

A hyperspectral imaging camera is a sophisticated imaging device capable of capturing and processing data across a wide...

A chemical compound that exhibits a reversible change in its absorption spectrum upon irradiation with given wavelengths of...

An electrophoretic display, often referred to as an electronic paper display or e-paper display, is a type of electronic...

An electroradiographic process that uses ionization of air by x-rays as a basis for forming electrostatic images.

A rangefinder similar to a pair of binoculars with a long base, a dot or other wander mark provided in each eyepiece field,...

Piezoelectric motion systems are mechanical systems that utilize piezoelectric materials to generate controlled motion or...

Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...

The face of a cathode-ray tube (CRT) that has a fiber optic sheet attached to its surface. The sheet's fibers are at right...

Off-axis paraboloid and ellipsoid mirrors are specialized optical components used in various optical systems, particularly...

The use of a tightly focused beam of electrons to drill minute holes in substances. The drilling is accomplished by the...

A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...

A technique whereby the sample is illuminated by a hollow cone of light larger than the acceptance angle of the objective,...

A mirror with a coating that reflects infrared radiation and transmits visible light.

The deflection of an electron beam by the action of an electrostatic field that has a component perpendicular to the...

The transport of molecules in a cell which requires the use of a cell's internal energy. The energy used in the cell may be...

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...

Custom lapping and polishing services involve specialized processes used to improve the surface finish and dimensional...

An optical instrument designed to displace the line of sight in a vertical direction. For submarines and other military uses...

STED microscopy, or stimulated emission depletion microscopy, is a superresolution imaging technique in fluorescence...

A thermal infrared imaging procedure developed for quality control of printed circuit boards. The thermogram of each board...

An aspheric lens is a type of lens whose surface profiles deviate from the traditional spherical shape. Unlike spherical...

Frame rate refers to the frequency at which consecutive images, or frames, are displayed in a video sequence. It is...

End-fire coupling refers to a method of coupling energy into or out of a waveguide, transmission line, or antenna, where the...

Envelopes for cathode-ray tubes are made by blowing glass in the same manner as light bulbs. They have a fairly flat end...

That voltage required across a Pockels, Kerr or other electro-optic light modulator to retard one polarization electrical...

Reflectance spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the reflective properties of materials across various wavelengths of...

The curved mark formed when, in the process of generating, a loose or coarse diamond particle from the generating tool...

One eyepiece of a set having equal distances from their mounting interface to their image plane, permitting freedom to...

A technique used to create an achromatic phase shift based on the principle of geometric phase. The phase shift is...

An optical system having two sets of components separated by an air space, while successive lenses in each set are cemented...

An optical element having plane-inclined surfaces. Usually the faces are inclined toward one another at very small angles....

In television, a lateral displacement of the lines from their normal position due to the instability of a synchronizing...

In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...

A light beam whose electric vectors can be broken into two perpendicular elements that have equal amplitudes and that differ...

Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...

LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...

A custom optic refers to an optical component that is designed, manufactured, and tailored to meet specific requirements or...

A flexible display refers to a type of electronic visual display that is designed to be bendable, foldable, or rollable,...

The effect that characterizes an intense laser beam that is passed through an absorbing medium, causing the absorbed energy...

The degree to which a pair of fine lines can be aligned to each other. A normal observer will demonstrate an accuracy of 10...

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) refers to a set of safety features and technologies designed to assist drivers in...

A mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO) is a type of electronic test instrument that combines the capabilities of both a...

An image-forming instrument in which a strong electrostatic field causes cold emission of electrons from a sharply rounded...

A microscope that allows examination of a small crystal and conveniently provides linearly polarized object and reference...

Line scan refers to a method of capturing images or data by scanning a single line at a time, as opposed to capturing the...

The use of thin flexible glass or plastic fibers as wave guides — or "light pipes" — to channel light from one...

In positioning, the friction that prevents immediate motion when force is first applied to a body or surface at rest.

A technique used in astronomy that requires a radio telescope to be directed at a point in the sky west of the object under...

A lens is a transparent optical device that focuses or diverges light, allowing it to pass through and form an image. Lenses...

The purest gas source of antimony, which is used in the manufacture of compound semiconductors for IR sensors and...

An optical system that is designed to produce a high temperature in a specified area by the optical direction and...

A telescope lens is a primary optical component of a telescope system that gathers and focuses light to form an image. It is...

Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced imaging technique that captures and processes information from across the...

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

A two-sided mirror suspended by a pendulum mechanism. An autocollimator set normal to such a mirror surface will, by...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and measure the presence of specific...

A system in which a sequence of direct measurements of the target position is fed into a tracking filter that may produce...

The angle between the most divergent rays that can pass through the lens to form an image. In a birefringent crystal light...

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a medical treatment approach that combines elements of phototherapy and immunotherapy to target...

The distance between the center of the two concentric circles of an optical fiber that designate the diameter of the...

An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...

Micro-optics refers to the design, fabrication, and application of optical components and systems at a microscale level....

Carbonization is a process in which organic materials are heated in the absence of air, leading to the decomposition of the...

A type of comparator with a telescope equipped with a cross wire mounted on a vertical sliding column. It is used to measure...

The first-order spectrum formed by a diffraction grating.

The technique of producing spectrograms in wavelengths beyond 120 nm by the use of a diffraction grating and a Schumann...

A photometer having a pair of Nicol prisms introduced into the beam from the brighter of two sources to be compared. Turning...

The interval between direction of signal to a light-emitting diode and attainment of 10 percent output current in the...

Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...

A technique used to generate a phase shift between reference and sample light beams. The phase shift can be performed...

Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically...

Liquid marble refers to a unique form of microscale liquid encapsulation, where small droplets of liquid are coated with a...

The graphed curve illustrating the directional reflectance of a sample for different angles of collection.

A convex or positive lens that serves to collect energy and direct it into subsequent system optics.

Edge enhancement with a directional characteristic.

Three filters used in making a color print of a color negative, red, green and blue-violet, respectively. Each filter...

The amplitude modulation through the application of modulating voltage to the cathode circuit.

A mirror blank refers to the initial piece of material from which a mirror is made. It is typically a flat or slightly...

Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...

An adhesive used to affix optical elements to an approximately shaped body -- usually of cast iron.

Calculated quantity of the entire longitudinal wave of a solid substance's electron gas.

Irregularities and disturbances in the atmosphere that are of particular interest because they induce random temporal and...

An infrared detector mounted directly on the cold finger of the Dewar cooler rather than at the interface of Dewar and...

The distance between the object and the cornea, or the first surface of the objective in an optical device.

Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a group of super-resolution microscopy techniques that surpass the...

Q-switched operation, or q-switching, is a technique used in lasers to produce short and intense pulses of light. The term...

The law stating that the illuminance (or irradiance) from a point source varies as the inverse square of the distance...

In positioning, rotation about the line of sight or direction of travel.

A grazing incidence mirror telescope with concentric conic surfaces having a single common point: a paraboloid-hyperboloid...

A sensor module used in advanced pattern recognition systems, containing signal-processing integrated circuits stacked and...

The first nonlinear theory in plasma physics that details the time and space evolution of plasma wave instability from a...

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that belongs to the powder bed...

The circle of confusion is a defocused or aberrated image of a point. Focus is generally set where the diameter of this...

A metal tool used to grind lenses with loose abrasive (see diamond cutting tool). The functional surface of the lap is...

A shutter in which the opening and closing times for a large aperture setting occupy a substantial fraction of the total...

An optical instrument used to determine the distance to a target being viewed. Two similar optical systems view the target...

The image distortion produced by a panoramic camera with a swinging lens or a swinging mirror in front of a fixed lens. The...

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) refers to a specific range of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum....

Flux per unit solid angle and per unit area measured normal to the direction of propagation of the flux.

A form of infrared CCD that utilizes internal photoemission as a photodetection mechanism.

A type of camera that has scales or other arrangements by which successive exposures can be lined up and equally spaced on a...

An instrument used to measure the luminance (brightness) of a distant object. The object is viewed through a small...

Any of the five elements astatine, chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine, grouped because their chemical properties are...

A birefringent crystal having two axes along which there is an absence of double refraction. Mica, sulphur and turquoise are...

A form of an element that cannot demonstrate optical activity as a result of dextrogyrate and levogyrate effects that are...

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...

A mirror that supplies equal reflectance for both the S-polarization and the P-polarization of a laser for a defined angle...

A semicircular, half-wave quartz plate between the polarizer and analyzer. It often is used in forming precision settings...

Rayleigh scattering is a phenomenon that occurs when light waves interact with particles or molecules that are much smaller...

A composite derived from aluminum alloy powder and silicon carbide, used as an optical substrate in air- and spacecraft...

A computer hardware unit that generates required functional information on the screen by controlling CRT beam movements or...

A plane mirror mounted on a polar axis that lies parallel to the plane of the mirror. When the mirror is rotated once in 48...

Multi-axis alignment refers to the process of aligning or adjusting components or systems in multiple spatial dimensions or...

A device that converts alternating voltage to direct voltage, while at the same time increasing its amplitude.

1. A solid figure whose base is a circle and whose sides taper upward evenly to a point or apex. Light rays diverging from...

The simultaneous exposure of two holographic plates with emulsions facing the object. After deformation, a second pair of...

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...

1. That branch of optics that illustrates the theory in which q is substituted for sin q in Snell's law. Effective results...

A thin film of absorbing or nonabsorbing layers in which the absorption of radiation at any point is directly proportional...

An artificial material, engineered to have a negative refractive index value, such that light or any other form of...

An optical matrix that does not require perfection in both states of the crosspoint, so that all the optical switches can be...

In optics and photonics, "phase" refers to a property of electromagnetic waves, such as light, that describes the position...

A photon jet is a narrow, highly collimated beam of light that is formed when light interacts with small dielectric...

A probe card is a testing device used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to evaluate and test the electrical...

A direct recording photometer that is designed to scan a photographic negative to determine its points of isodensity.

Any filter in which the range of frequencies within a chosen radius suffers no attenuation and the range of frequencies...

A night-vision device that uses one or more infrared transducers to scan a scene in the 3- to 5-µm or 8- to...

This results from the simultaneous absorption of two photons, each having half the energy needed for excitation and...

1. Calculated distance between two exactly opposed points on a beam at a chosen fraction of peak power (typically 1/e2). 2....

In a laser, the optical resonator formed by two coaxial mirrors, one totally and one partially reflective, positioned so...

Scalar diffraction theory is a simplified approach used to describe the propagation of electromagnetic waves, particularly...

A technique for detecting and measuring atmospheric pollution, in which an oscillating mirror directs half the incoming...

A mounting used for large concave gratings, whereby the slit, grating and plate holder lie in the Rowland circle, and the...

A cylindrical lens is an optical component that has different curvatures along its two orthogonal axes, resulting in a shape...

The use of chemicals or radiation to induce a desired change in a substance; e.g., some optical adhesives are set by...

Technique of projecting an illuminated target at infinity and receiving the target image after reflection from a flat mirror...

Linear optics refers to the study and manipulation of light in a linear and deterministic manner, where the response of...

A type of internal photonic connection in an integrated circuit in which a holographic grating is used to focus light at...

A type of distortion in which the magnification varies in different orientations, the directions of maximum and minimum...

An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...

Radiation whose spectrum runs between 100 and 300 nm. Any work with these wavelengths requires evacuated equipment.

In optical communication systems, operations in which the amplitude of the pulses, as opposed to their width, determines the...

A dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) refers to a type of optical fiber designed to minimize the effects of chromatic dispersion,...

A pair of stars (double star) that can be seen separately with a telescope, generally by setting a filar micrometer for the...

Also known as amplification. 1. The increase in a signal that is transmitted from one point to another through an amplifier....

The impurity added to a substance to produce desired properties in the substance.

An oven or furnace that possesses the design requirements and heat control necessary to anneal glass for the optical...

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...

Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...

An alexandrite laser is a solid-state laser that utilizes a synthetic crystal made from the rare earth element alexandrite...

A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. It usually has two parallel bases,...

A grating beamsplitter is an optical device that utilizes the principles of diffraction to split a beam of light into...

Method for studying absorption coefficients of low-loss materials, in which a sample is allowed to come to thermal...

Terahertz (THz) refers to a unit of frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, denoting waves with frequencies between 0.1...

A catadioptric lens assembly consisting of a Maksutov corrector and a spherical primary mirror.

A camera system in which the image formed on the fluorescent screen of an image converter tube in the system is recorded by...

Irregular propagation of a wave due to variations in the medium's density or refractive index.

A grating in which the wires or rods are set radially within a circular structure.

The analysis of spectra and their components, determined from their measurements.

A type of laser used when a great amount of power is required. Avoiding the bulk of large numbers of optical lenses, this...

A mode possessing components of both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.

Approximation of a system of thermal equilibrium formed by the distribution of the kinetic energies of electrons in a gas...

A laser crystal, also known as an active medium or gain medium, is a solid-state material used in the construction of...

A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....

With respect to microscopy, light that is directed down through the objective onto the specimen and then returned by...

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

A handheld navigational instrument used to measure the elevation angle of celestial bodies such as the sun. An image of the...

A large telescope mirror fabricated from several smaller sections.

Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...

An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...

The combination of two waves having the same frequency and amplitude and traveling in opposite directions. Standing waves...

A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...

Aplanatic points refer to specific points in an optical system where certain aberrations, such as spherical aberration or...

The figure seen through or imaged by an optical system. It may contain structures, natural or artificial, or it may be the...

A direct-readout television pickup tube.

A communications system that can transmit in only a single direction at a time. See duplex.

An arrangement of optical fibers in a bundle whereby the geometric configuration of the input end differs from that of the...

A lens blank is a piece of optical material in a raw, unfinished state, typically in the form of a disk or block, from which...

A cooling system used to attain and maintain desired low temperatures in infrared systems. The Stirling type is a mechanical...

Laser drift typically refers to a phenomenon where the frequency or wavelength of a laser source gradually changes over...

A special-purpose polarimeter having a scale calibrated directly in the concentration of sugar in the test solution.

A flowmeter is a device used to measure the flow rate or quantity of a fluid passing through a particular point in a system....

The direct cladding used for fused silica cores to create large numerical aperture fibers and used as overcoats to...

An image tube that functions in low-light-level conditions by virtue of its series of stacked sections wherein the output of...

A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby the processing elements are directed by a single, central...

A measuring instrument used for surface profiling and quantifying the roughness of a material. The stylus is placed on the...

A beamsplitter is an optical device for dividing a beam into two or more separate beams. A simple beamsplitter may be a very...

Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) refers to a specific range of ultraviolet radiation with shorter wavelengths than those of visible...

A component used to modify light rays by diffraction; the HOE is produced by recording the interference pattern of two laser...

A mechanical device designed to smoothly vary the effective diameter of a lens, thereby controlling the amount of light...

A prism made up of two air-spaced components. It has the ability to revert, and not invert, an image, and can be used in...

Azimuthal polarization refers to a specific polarization state of light where the electric field vector of the...

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive analytical technique that uses the near-infrared region of the...

In biology, particularly genetics and evolutionary biology, the phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits...

The departure of an optical surface from its required tolerance or figure.

Characteristic of optical analyses that are limited to infinitesimally small apertures. Also called first-order or Gaussian...

Postulated by Einstein in his theory of relativity. They are waves traveling at the speed of light and exerting force on...

Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is a technique used in laser physics to amplify ultrashort laser pulses to high energies...

1. A faint second image caused by reflection that is sometimes seen when observing through an optical instrument. 2. With...

A convention that defines specific dimensions of an optical system, such as the image distance or radius of curvature of a...

A fiber optic imaging bundle is a specialized optical device composed of multiple optical fibers bundled together. Each...

A system consisting of two or more Geiger-Müller counters, connected in coincidence with their centers on an axis. The only...

Deep ultraviolet (DUV or deep-UV) refers to a specific range of ultraviolet light with shorter wavelengths than those in the...

Two lenses, separated by a distance equal to the sum of their focal lengths, and retroreflecting mirror assemblies, one of...

A maser that relies on the fact that electrons in orbital motion in high-magnetic fields will emit energy at the cyclotron...

A YAG crystal refers to a solid-state crystal made of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), which is a synthetic crystalline...

The capacity of a chiral substance such as a crystal or molecule to rotate the plane of polarized light that is transmitted...

Spectral repeatability refers to the consistency and reproducibility of spectral measurements across multiple trials or...

A calculated function that can be achieved experimentally with interferometric analysis of complex atmospheric altitude;...

The number of unique ways in which a part can move in an alignment system. In static alignment, there are six: one in the...

Machinery used to grind and finish a component, such as a lens or prism, to a desired precision. Usually such machines carry...

The determination of what, how much and in what proportions chemicals must be combined to produce the desired reactions and...

A direct-vision prism made in one piece that can be used only in parallel light.

The effect whereby a light beam is deflected by a birefringent prism when its polarization is changed by voltage applied to...

A method of designing lasers whereby the laser rod is cut into elliptical discs and cooled by running water over the disc...

A Laurent polarimeter is an instrument used in optics for measuring the rotation of plane-polarized light caused by...

Laser sintering is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that involves using a laser to selectively fuse...

A camera designed to record at rates exceeding 50 fps. For frame rates up to about 500 fps, an ordinary pull-down mechanism...

Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...

An aspheric mirror is an optical mirror surface that deviates from the shape of a perfect sphere, having a non-spherical...

Backscatter refers to the phenomenon in which radiation or waves are scattered backward, opposite to the direction of the...

In an optical waveguide, a ray for which geometric optics would predict total internal reflection at the core boundary, but...

When light is transmitted through matter, part of the light is scattered in random directions. A small part of the scattered...

The optical phenomenon in which right circularly polarized light transmitted by an active medium travels at a different...

An electrical problem that occurs when voltage is not the same with respect to ground at every node of a system, causing...

A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...

The imaginary line passing through both the centers of curvatures of the optical surfaces of a lens or mirror; the optical...

The determination of the degree to which a manufactured component can deviate from its ideal specifications of material and...

In ophthalmic practice, an instrument that determines the boundaries of the field of view. It is composed of a 2-m square of...

Light transmission involving no scatter.

Potential alternative to the conventional pulse approximation method of digital image processing because of its highly...

A transparent plate ruled with black lines and equal, clear spaces. It is used as a multiple knife-edge for testing a...

A specific form of phase shifting interferometry - commonly referred to as multiple wavelength phase shifting interferometry...

A direct reading spectrograph having a photomultiplier assembly in place of a photographic plate. The output from the...

A microring resonator is a compact optical device that utilizes the resonant behavior of light within a small ring-shaped...

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

The use of retroreflective projection technology (RPT) to project a background image onto a masked object, such as a vehicle...

The metal tube that maintains the optical components of a lens in proper relationship. Some lenses are mounted in metal...

Fresnel reflection refers to the reflection of light at the interface between two different media with different refractive...

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...

The mathematical expression of the probability of any given state of energy being occupied when a semiconductor is in...

Linear receive optics typically refers to the optical components and systems used in the reception (detection) of linearly...

A metabolite is any small molecule that is a product of metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within living...

Any optical transmission channel used in telecommunications designed to connect two end terminals or to be connected in...

With respect to a beam, the radiation lobe having the direction of maximum radiation.

Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...

A camera that consists of a concave spherical mirror with an aspheric plate situated at the center of curvature of the...

A handheld, light-sensitive device that is used with a display console to directly change, measure or erase the visual...

The second adjustable iris diaphragm in an optical system. In the common microscope condenser system, it usually is located...

A filter that serves to alter the color temperature and the mired value of the radiation emitted by a source.

The absorption spectrum of an element influenced by a magnetic field in the same direction as the transmitted light, which...

A camera designed to form a continuous record of an expansive section of the horizon. The typical panoramic camera is...

The visual examination by a trained observer of the image of a point source. Any coloring or departure from the Airy disc...

An instrument devised by Nichols and Hull for use in the measurement of radiation pressure. The device has two small...

The principal point of a lens relative to the object space.

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...

A ray that travels from one point to another without being reflected or refracted.

The area of optics in which quantum theory is used to describe light in discrete units or "quanta" of energy known as...

In optics, a shape often given to the leading edge of a projectile. In any side view it appears as a pointed arc, while any...

A spatial light modulator (SLM) is an optical device that modulates or manipulates the amplitude, phase, or polarization of...

A system of local area networking in which each node or station is connected to two others, ultimately forming a loop. Data...

A shower of cosmic rays whereby a high-energy electron produces one or more photons that convert into electron pairs, the...

A function that quantifies the performance degradation of coherent communications systems, imaging systems and all systems...

A diode with a semiconducting material, such as germanium or silicon, for one electrode, and a fine wire "whisker''...

A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

A camera designed to record astronomical objects (e.g., stars, planets, nebulae, galaxies) and their spectra.

A smooth, highly polished surface, for reflecting light, that may be plane or curved if wanting to focus and or magnify the...

A cathode-ray tube that increases the brightness or size of an image or forms a visible image from invisible radiation. The...

Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...

In compact disc systems, the two principal frame formats for data storage. Mode 1 devotes 2048 bytes to user data, reserving...

Two formulas used in diffractometer analysis, the first giving the individual diffraction patterns of each aperture, the...

In physics, the law of reversibility is often associated with the concept of reversibility in thermodynamics. The law...

An electro-optical infrared tracker consisting of a beamsplitter, an illuminating source, an image dissector tube and an...

A type of camera that incorporates a tiny mirror that oscillates in accordance with incoming signals. An illuminated slit is...

A set of mirrors along a telescope's polar axis designed to redirect light to a fixed position without being affected by the...

A two-electrode device with an anode and a cathode that passes current in only one direction. It may be designed as an...

A term referring to various processes for forming visible images outside of a camera to be photographed on ordinary film....

A device that uses electromagnetic fields to separate electrically charged particles according to their masses. As a beam of...

Measurement derived from calculation when incident flux of a negative is entirely diffuse and all radiation transmissions...

A digital imaging method whereby the first gray level in the ordered sequence and the position of the first lengths of all...

A defect in infrared systems that appears as a dark circular area on a displayed image, caused by radiation reflecting into...

A circular optical wedge (prism of small refracting angle) mounted to be rotated in the path of light rays to divert the...

A crystal diode whose rectifying activity is determined by the touching of the crystal to a finely pointed wire surrounded...

A mode that is confined by virtue of a lower-index medium surrounding the cladding. Cladding modes, in the terminology of...

A type of semiconductor diode used in voltage-limiting circuits; when voltage reaches a certain value, the device becomes a...

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique that extends traditional Raman spectroscopy by incorporating...

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that enhances the Raman scattering signal of...

A support device in which a column or chamber of air permits the free travel of a mobile part. In optical mounting and...

A holographic camera, also known as a holographic imaging system or holographic recorder, is a specialized device used to...

A crystal formed by covalent bonds that are generally highly directional by nature. The electric characteristics of these...

Multispectral imaging is a technique that involves capturing and analyzing images at multiple discrete spectral bands within...

An energy transition concerned with the combination of a photon and a phonon.

Pairs of color stimuli that exhibit metamerism as described by colorimetry. Also known as metameters.

Photographing of terrain on the ground and objects in the air by cameras mounted in aircraft; utilized in satellites,...

Parallel scanning refers to a method of acquiring data or images simultaneously from multiple sources or in parallel, rather...

A scintillation detector is a radiation detection device that utilizes scintillation crystals to detect and measure ionizing...

A coating applied to a neutral density glass that is designed to reduce the amount of light evenly across the transmitted...

A slab-shaped, very low profile package for electronic components; often used when printed circuit boards must be closely...

A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...

A form of liquid crystal with an appearance of moving, threadlike structures, particularly visible when observed in thick...

A design for bent crystal monochromators in which spacing is constant along any circular arc terminating at the two foci and...

Essentially, a hologram of a hologram, in which the first-generation hologram is masked with a narrow slit. During image...

A measure of the optical path length for light traveling from the sun or other celestial source through Earth's atmosphere...

A Pockels cell in which electrical current is applied in a direction orthogonally to that of the light beam.

A computerized token-passing local area network (LAN) configuration adopted by General Motors for real time control over the...

Also called DLIP, a high-speed, high-resolution processing technique that uses high-power, pulsed laser systems to directly...

1. In a plane Cartesian coordinate system, the horizontal axis, or axis in the left to right direction. 2. In a quartz...

An adhesive used to hold optical components in their mounts. It may be a thermoplastic or chemical-hardening substance.

Plastic in which the polymer chains become irreversibly joined during molding. The cross-linking can be achieved by heating,...

The computer module whose circuitry interprets instructions and guides the actions of the peripherals. Also known as the...

The amount of energy required for a particular kind of atom to remove an electron to infinite distance. The ionization...

An astronomical telescope is a type of optical instrument designed to gather and magnify light from distant celestial...

A gauge designed to measure the degree of vacuum in an evacuated vessel. A simple U-tube containing mercury is adequate for...

An instrument for measuring the radius of curvature of a spherical lens or mirror surface. It may consist of a ring resting...

The direct computation of the Fourier transform of the space variant system output of an optical processor with a single...

The photomicrographic recording of Schlieren effects, irregular refractions of light from optic surfaces or areas of thin,...

Metrology is the science and practice of measurement. It encompasses the theoretical and practical aspects of measurement,...

A hole filled with dirt such as a polishing abrasive and located in an optical surface. See dig; scratch.

A machine vision lens is a specialized optical lens designed for use in machine vision systems, which are used for automated...

The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...

An aplanatic surface is an optical surface that is specifically designed or shaped to minimize spherical aberration and...

A device in which slab geometry internally compensates for thermal-optic distortion; the solid host material -- glass or...

Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...

The observation of a reproduced television picture on the face of a cathode-ray tube.

The combination of two or more signals for transmission along a single wire, path or carrier. In most optical communication...

A circuit whose passive components are deposited on a given substrate by sputtering or vacuum processes.

A monochromator is an optical instrument used to isolate and select a narrow range of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of...

The control of free electron movement through the use of electrical or magnetic fields, and use of this electron movement in...

The central peak (including everything interior to the first zero or dark ring) of the focal diffraction pattern of a...

Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...

A device that obliterates the polarization of a polarized beam by reflecting the beam in all directions at right angles to...

A laser skin-resurfacing method that creates microscopic thermal wounds referred to as microscopic treatment zones (MTZs),...

Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain accurate three-dimensional measurements of objects and environments through the...

The splitting or shifting of spectral lines or energy levels caused by the application of a strong transverse electrical...

A binocular microscope designed for the viewing of stereo pairs. As these stereoscopic image pairs are seen through a...

Transparent media which, when placed in front of a light source, change their color as a result of the selective absorption...

A superthin, highly reflective mirror.

The product of exposure time and irradiance or illuminance.

Oleophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or resist oils. The word oleophobic comes from the...

A crystal having the axes of its grains aligned so that they have directional magnetic characteristics.

A small telescope mounted on a tripod and free to rotate about a vertical axis. A spirit level is mounted over the telescope...

A five-sided prism containing two reflecting surfaces at 45° to each other, and two refracting faces perpendicular to...

A solar spectrograph that uses long focus concave mirrors as its collimator and camera element.

A compact high-pressure light source in which an electrical discharge between electrodes spaced no more than 12 mm apart...

Optical components exceeding 24 in. in diameter. The components are usually glass, acrylic or polystyrene and are used for...

An interference microscope that uses a light beam originating from a low-coherence light source. The sample is placed in one...

Ratio of the radiance of the specimen to that of a perfect reflecting or transmitting diffuser identically irradiated.

A method of terminating optical fibers by forming a lens directly on the end of the fiber, eliminating the need for precise...

The plane shared by the pair of axes in a twin crystal.

The criterion maintaining that if light follows a specific path through an optical system, it will, if reversed, traverse...

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nanolithography technique used for fabricating nanoscale patterns on a substrate. It is a...

A device that combines electronic and optical techniques to form a monitored infrared signal between 1 and 14 µm. It...

Of all the rays passing through a lens from an off-axis object point to its corresponding image point, there is always one...

A junction between semiconductors that differ in their doping level conductivities but not in their atomic or alloy...

The production of a positron-electron pair by a photon having energy greater than one mega-electron-volt, whereby some of...

The simultaneous collection of two or more signals at a single location. In a digital computer, it refers to the number of...

Trade name for a type of borosilicate glass manufactured by Corning Glass Works, noted for its low coefficient of thermal...

An atomic clock is a highly precise timekeeping device that uses the vibrations or oscillations of atoms as a reference for...

In optics, "mode beating" refers to an interference phenomenon that can occur in laser systems with multiple longitudinal...

Concave is an adjective used to describe a surface or shape that curves inward or has a hollow or recessed appearance. In...

Laser marking is a process in which a laser beam is used to mark or engrave a surface by altering its properties or...

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique that combines the principles of Raman spectroscopy...

A spectrophotometer having a pair of identical collimators with two Glan polarizing prisms, one fixed in azimuth and the...

A reflection grating is an optical component that consists of a series of closely spaced, parallel reflecting surfaces or...

A device, either visual or electronic, that emits signals to identify set positions for use in the navigation of aircraft...

The length of time during which the receiver is irradiated.

A visual spectrophotometer with a rhomb located directly before the entrance aperture of a constant-deviation...

A lens or mirror surface that is perfectly flat.

Spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) is an optical microscopy technique that belongs to the category of quantitative...

A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...

A microscope that has an annular stop in the lower focal plane of the condenser, and a quarter-wave retarding and absorbing...

A test chamber designed to expose the subject being tested to external conditions, such as heat, shock, pressure and...

Freeform mirrors refer to reflective optical components that deviate from traditional symmetric or rotationally symmetric...

A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...

A small bulb containing a conducting gas, an arc being formed between a metal ring and a tiny zirconium electrode near the...

Also referred to as the opposition surge, the opposition effect is a photometric phenomenon in which a rough retroreflective...

A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...

In laser damage testing, the exposure of many sites of a sample to different intensities of laser irradiation to discover...

A specific type of filter designed to reduce the amount of light scattered by reflections from the edges of optical...

Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...

An amorphous film in which cylindrical bubbles of reverse magnetization can be formed to follow circuit paths usually made...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA...

A monolithic device containing both photonic and electronic sources, detectors, modulators, etc., on a single semiconductor...

A term used to describe a nondirectionally diffusing surface that, when illuminated, appears equally bright from all angles....

An optical-quality polymer used in birefringent retarders.

Histology is the branch of biology and medicine that involves the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs...

A 3D profile sensor, also known as a 3D profiling sensor or 3D depth sensor, is a technology that is used to capture and...

A piece of glass polished flat on one side, with a pair of polished faces that form an angle close to 180° on the other...

For any point on a thermal radiator, at thermal equilibrium and for each wavelength, the emissivity in any direction is...

A qubit, short for quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing and quantum information...

A method of applying antireflection coatings to optics that avoids the elevated temperatures normally used. A cold coating...

Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...

The distribution of one signal to more than one location. In a digital computer, it refers to the number of outputs that can...

The measurement of first- and higher order properties of a lens and its formed image, including effective focal length, back...

The physical length of the light path in a substance divided by the refractive index of that substance. See also equivalent...

The center of the sphere of which the surface of a lens or mirror forms a portion. Each curved surface of a lens has a...

Functional materials refer to materials that possess specific properties or functionalities that make them suitable for...

Photometry is the branch of science that deals with the measurement of light, particularly in terms of its intensity and the...

A visual system including a tiny television tube and imaging optics, all contained in a helmet to be worn by pilots in...

An imaging process, similar to specific Doppler mapping radar techniques, that utilizes a laser, an optical imaging system,...

Short wavelength infrared (SWIR) refers to the portion of the infrared spectrum that encompasses wavelengths roughly between...

The optical element that receives light from the object and forms the first or primary image in telescopes and microscopes....

A corrective lens system that is placed near the focal plane of a Newtonian telescope to increase its effective field of...

Optoacoustic, or photoacoustic, refers to a phenomenon and related techniques that involve the generation of acoustic waves...

A detector sensitive only to signals close to or at a particular frequency that is the same as the frequency of a control...

The dielectric coefficient parallel to the director in a liquid crystal display (LCD), rather than perpendicular to the...

That state determining that two waves of like frequency will travel through their maximum and minimum values of the same...

A technique for detecting free radicals by their electronic spectra. The material to be studied is placed in a...

Nanoparticle photonic resonator absorption microscopy is a microscopy technique that combines the principles of photonic...

An optical table, also known as an optical bench or an optical breadboard, is a specialized platform used in optics...

A material consisting of very small colorless particles imbedded in a clear glass matrix. It is available in two forms:...

Any of the constants that relate the tendency of the director to remain parallel to restoring torques throughout the media....

Characterized by having the same center. Concentric circles differ in radius but have a common center point.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for detecting antigens or haptens in cells of a tissue section by using labeled...

An optical correlator incorporating a binary phase-only spatial light modulator made from an iron garnet magneto-optic solid...

A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....

Situation in which the observer requires fewer than three independent stimuli to make color matches. Dichromats require only...

Output noise in a laser beam resulting from acoustic disturbances of mirror separation or orientation. Such disturbances may...

Whole slide imaging (WSI), also known as virtual slide microscopy or digital pathology, is a technology that involves the...

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

A circular lamp or bundles of optical fibers placed around the perimeter of an objective lens to illuminate the object field...

A device that holds a number of filters and allows the filter with the desired characteristics to be rotated into an optical...

The term photochemical pertains to chemical processes or reactions that are initiated or influenced by the absorption of...

An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...

A type of telescope mount that permits direct azimuth and elevation adjustments.

Beam profiling is a technique used to characterize and analyze the spatial intensity distribution of a laser beam. It...

An instrument used to measure the light from a scene to be photographed and to indicate the camera lens and shutter settings...

Capability requirement for optical switches for transmission lines to process arbitrarily polarized light because of the...

A shutter consisting of a ring of interweaving blades that open outward and allow light to pass when they are pivoted at...

Neuromorphic refers to the design and development of computing systems or devices that are inspired by the structure and...

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...

A specialized form of diffraction grating consisting of assembled glass plates of equal thickness that resemble a flight of...

Sets of lenses (positive, negative and cylindrical) usually mounted in circular rims suitable for slipping into trial...

Westinghouse trade name for an alloy of iron, nickel and cobalt, which has the same thermal expansion as glass and therefore...

Voltage that produces current flow in the direction of greater resistance to the steady-state direct current; i.e., from the...

An optical channel monitor (OCM) is a device used in optical communication systems to monitor and analyze the performance of...

An analysis used for problems of wave propagation. The principle notes that each point of an advancing wavefront is the...

Sparkling granular pattern that is observed when an object diffusely reflects coincident laser light. Speckle appears as an...

Device which determines particle velocity through the measurement of scattered interference of a beam pair from a single...

Contains elements which produce lasing., e.g. gain medium, oscillator mirrors as well as housing.

A mirror used to manipulate the beam in a laser system.

The ability of particular pure liquids to doubly refract when influenced by a magnetic field with a direction that is...

The product of the actual base or baseline of a rangefinder or heightfinder, and the power or magnification of the...

Transmission accompanied by diffusion or scatter to the extent that there is no regular or direct transmission.

The state of a liquid crystal in which the molecules are arranged in layers with their long axes in the plane of each layer....

A process used to control thickness and parallelism precisely during the production of plane-parallel plates. Elements are...

Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) is a semiconductor alloy composed of gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), and phosphorus (P). It...

A system used for gratings that consists of a concave mirror, a grating and a plate holder mounted normal to the grating to...

A polarizing prism consisting of two calcite prisms cemented such that they deviate the two emerging beams (which are...

In optical character recognition systems, the identification of a character facilitated by means of known factors governing...

The study of the transmission of radiant energy through crystals, especially anisotropic crystals, and their effects on...

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an advanced fluorescence microscopy technique that leverages the...

A small round mirror on the end of a handle used for viewing inside an inaccessible cavity.

An optical recording technique that uses light source(s), a beamsplitting cube, light detector(s) and an optical fiber...

Vision by means of retinal cones; color vision. Relatively high levels of luminance are required for photopic vision.

The use of the photographic process to produce precision copies of an original image that are many times smaller in size....

The process whereby a blank or disc is heated to a sufficiently high temperature to sag into a mold having a desired...

Optical design software refers to specialized computer programs used by optical engineers, physicists, and designers to...

A linear positioning stage, also known as a linear stage or translation stage, is a precision mechanical device used to...

A double-plate device used to transmit polarized light and form interference fringes of the light, thus indicating its...

The determination of a substance's identity or quantity through the analysis of its optical rotation. For example, the...

A two-mirror corrector for a parabolic primary mirror that provides anastigmatic performance for large astronomical...

The ratio of the velocities of light in two adjacent media, neither of which is air.

A device containing an electro-optic crystal and using the Pockels effect. A voltage applied across the crystal generates...

1. A framelike structure that serves to restrict the viewing area of the screen when placed before a television picture...

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

Optical manufacturing tools and machinery encompass a wide range of equipment, instruments, and systems used in the...

1. Mounting a lens or mirror so that its optical axis is coincident with the optical or mechanical axes of other portions of...

1. A localized fracture at the end of a cleaved optical fiber or on a glass surface. 2. An integrated circuit.

A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...

A molded lens is an optical lens manufactured using a molding process, typically involving the shaping of a material, such...

A distributed feedback laser (DFB laser) is a type of semiconductor laser diode designed to emit coherent, narrow-bandwidth...

Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...

A machine vision technique of image correlation whereby the correlation kernel (template of the desired image) is...

A type of birefringent filter, similar in principle to the Lyot filter, consisting of many identical birefringent elements,...

The optical process, following grinding, that puts a highly finished, smooth and apparently amorphous surface on a lens or a...

The ability of a device to operate without electromagnetically interfering with the operation of nearby equipment and...

A continuous-wave dye laser that uses a circulation pump and nozzle to provide an optically flat stream of dye across the...

An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...

An OLED display formed by creating an array of OLED pixels connected by intersecting anode and cathode conductors arranged...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...

Light that is directed or focused by means of curved reflective surfaces.

The three lines in the spectrum of cadmium that have the purest radiations and that were first used by Michelson to...

1. A compound lens consisting of two elements. If there is an air space between the elements it is called an...

An array of refractive microlenses that are round, square and hexagonal and as small as 15 µm. They are used for...

1. The sorting of lenses by their color. 2. In an optical system, an irradiance or brightness gradient in the image that is...

The analysis of the photographs taken from the radar display of a survey aircraft and used when recording terrain that is...

A device designed to detect frequency-modulated signals by forming a unidirectional pulse from each sine wave. The direct...

A gas laser equipped with Brewster windows and concave mirrors (having unlike reflective properties) at each end of the tube...

The light flash, produced in flash photolysis, that is triggered within a second discharge tube by the third electrode. It...

The adjustable membrane located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye. The iris gives the eye its color. See...

An optical instrument consisting of a well- corrected objective lens or mirror with a light source and or object/image (i.e....

A thick meniscus lens arranged concentric with the center of curvature of a spherical mirror to produce an image free of...

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful imaging instrument used in scientific research, materials...

An instrument in which visible light beyond the critical angle from a metallurgical microscope is focused on a reference...

The use of photonic devices rather than electronic devices to make connections within and between integrated circuits.

The series of rings or bands formed when light beams reflected from two polished, adjacent surfaces, placed together with a...

A device that accumulates and stores electrical energy to introduce capacitance into a circuit. Basically, it is composed of...

A semiconductor device with the property of conducting current more easily in one direction than the other. It has two...

The use of head-mounted displays and body-operated remote actuators to control distant machinery. Provides a virtual...

A cylindrical convex viewing mirror used for viewing distorted pictures formed by photographing the reflections of the...

A device containing two opposed quartz wedges of equal angle, one wedge being movable along its length by a micrometer...

A device that utilizes avalanche multiplication of photocurrent by means of hole-electrons created by absorbed photons. When...

A semispherical or conical lens created directly on the core of an optical fiber to focus light from a laser into the fiber...

Three-photon microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that belongs to the family of multi-photon microscopy methods. It...

A convex, concave or flat cast iron form that is used to shape a soft mold block of optical components.

A shift in the direction of the red in the spectral lines of light which, defined by the relativity theory, will have...

A wave whose surfaces of constant phase are infinite parallel planes normal to the direction of propagation.

A uniaxial, birefringent crystal having an ordinary ray with a higher velocity than the extraordinary ray.

Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...

The process in which the normal rate of fluorescent emission from a substance is enhanced by virtue of the optical gain of...

The use of miniature scanners to project raster-scanned video images directly onto the surface of the human retina,...

In optics, a motion controller refers to a device or system that precisely controls the movement of optical components, such...

An interference filter in which a very thin metal foil with a periodic array of square holes (inductive mesh) or a thin...

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect changes in blood volume in tissues. It...

Thin-film coatings are layers of material applied to the surface of an object or substrate, typically to modify its optical,...

A frequency comb is a precise and regular series of equally spaced spectral lines, or frequencies, that are generated with...

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a nondestructive analytical technique used to investigate the optical properties...

With respect to a traveling plane wave at a known frequency, the space rate of decrease of phase of a field component in the...

The optical reconstruction of image information contained in a sound field. First the diffraction pattern, formed by an...

A photonic cavity, also known as an optical cavity, is a structure that confines electromagnetic radiation within a certain...

A sheet of plastic material containing microscopic crystals of herapathite or some other similar substance that transmits...

A casting consisting of an optical material molded into the desired geometry for grinding, polishing or, in the case of...

A machine vision technique that compares a template of the desired image (the correlation kernel) with the actual camera...

A noncontact form of electromodulation in which modulation of the electric field is caused by photo-excited electron-hole...

A blur circle refers to the out-of-focus region in an image captured by an optical system. When an object in a scene is not...

Also known as the Bragg spectrometer. A system used for the x-ray analysis of crystal structure. In the instrument, a...

In a fiber optic transmission system, the conversion of received optical pulses directly to an electrical signal.

A technique for measuring the energy spectrum of electrons emitted during the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. This...

A passive device, having three or more ports, in which input light from one port is coupled only to the next sequential port...

An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...

Hyperspectral resolution refers to the level of detail or granularity in the spectral information captured by a...

A broadband filter is an electronic or electromagnetic device designed to pass a range of frequencies or signals within a...

An optical switch that controls conduction paths into and out of a junction in fiber optic and integrated optical circuits.

A device used to measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. It utilizes the Lorentz force...

Contour mapping technique that involves positioning a grating close to an object and observing its shadow on the object...

A phage, short for bacteriophage, is a type of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. Phages are composed of...

In data communications, the simultaneous operation of a circuit in both directions is known as full duplex; if only one...

An infrared transmitting material used in the production of fluoride glasses for optical fibers.

The area of optics in which the propagation of light is described by geometrical lines (or rays) governed by Fermat's...

An impurity-doped silicon detector array sensitive to long infrared wavelengths, installed in optical collecting systems...

CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...

Fine lines, wires or threads used in the focal plane of many optical instruments to point out and locate particular objects...

A type of stereoscopic photography in which a pair of lenses focuses a pair of images, relative to the positions of the two...

A guided missile that uses an infrared sensor to detect and home in on an enemy target. The missile is guided by the high...

In image processing, the location of edges by employing templates that respond to the first or second derivative of...

A galvanometer having a small mirror that is mounted on a moving element and that reflects a light beam onto a scale.

A spatial light modulator consisting of a metallized polymer film stretched over an array of metal-oxide semiconductor...

A circuit incorporated into counter systems that records only pulses that have amplitudes between two preselected limits.

A spectrograph having glass as its refracting component and used in cases where speed and high dispersion are not required....

A Cassegrain telescope having a parabolic primary mirror, a spherical secondary mirror and a zero-power doublet in the...

The tendency of charge carriers to spiral about an axis in a direction identical to that of an applied magnetic field that...

Machine vision lighting refers to the use of specific lighting techniques and equipment in the field of machine vision,...

A unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation, equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material.

The diffraction of a particle by a standing lightwave.

Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring substances. These...

A device using the Kerr effect to read back the signals from mechanically recorded tapes and discs. It consists of a light...

An edge-emitting light-emitting diode is a type of LED structure where light emission occurs primarily along the edge of the...

GaN (Gallium Nitride) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers refer to a specific type of semiconductor laser based on Gallium...

A thin layer of a substance deposited on an insulating base in a vacuum by a microelectronic process. Thin films are most...

An optical instrument for forming the spectrum of a light source and recording it on a film. The dispersing medium may be a...

The term delta error (delta-E) generally refers to the difference or change in error between two values or states. The word...

A substance that increases a material's sensitivity to electromagnetic irradiation. In photodynamic therapy, a drug used to...

Die bonding is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics assembly, where a semiconductor die or...

Participates in a reaction only in the presence of light and radiant energy. Besides 3D printing, photoreactive agents also...

In a diode laser, a mode in the plane of the active layer that is perpendicular to the direction of the emitted beam.

In the context of optics and lasers, a transverse mode refers to a specific spatial pattern of the electric field within the...

Triggering a laser at a predetermined time by pumping it to a level just below its threshold and then using an auxiliary...

Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is an advanced imaging technique that provides information about the lifetime of...

Refers to the variety of techniques that use the interference pattern produced by laser light diffusely reflected by an...

Label-free refers to a technique or method that does not require the use of additional labels, tags, or markers to detect or...

An electron lens consisting of a homogeneous axial electric field and a magnetic field used in high-quality image tubes for...

An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a semiconductor device that emits infrared light when an electric current...

Metal used in components of the crystalline semiconductor alloys indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), indium gallium arsenide...

Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that integrates digital information, typically in the form of computer-generated...

Mie scattering, named after the German physicist Gustav Mie, refers to the scattering of electromagnetic radiation (such as...

A resin obtained from the balsam fir, Abies balsamea, used as a lens cement.

Directional and coherent radiation pulses that result from an ensemble of coherently prepared states in an optical medium.

Relative to the Cotton-Mouton effect, the magnetic birefringence constant that, when multiplied by pathlength and the square...

1. An instrument used to determine the visual range in an environment. 2. A type of photometer that artificially reduces an...

A term describing an antireflection coating that may be applied to optics that cannot tolerate the high temperatures usually...

A tool of cast iron or another suitable medium used with a slurry of silicon carbide, aluminum oxide or emery for grinding...

A material that can rotate the polarization of light that passes through it. An optically active material exhibits different...

1. A device used to trace out an object and build up an image. One of the most common of these types is video scanning. The...

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a mechanism describing the transfer of energy between two closely spaced...

Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a technology used in manufacturing processes, particularly in electronics, to...

Unlike the thermocouple or bolometer, the pyroelectric infrared detector is a current source with an output proportional to...

Flux per unit solid angle leaving a surface in any direction is proportional to the cosine of the angle between that...

The desensitization of the first photographic exposure after it has been subjected to high-intensity radiation.

A mirror whose percent reflectance varies as a function of position on the mirror surface.

An OLED display that has an integrated electronic backplane as its substrate. Active-matrix OLED displays use at least two...

In a fiber optic cable, the longitudinal length required for the transmission media, wrapped around a central member, to...

Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...

Ultrasound used in the cleaning of metal and optical parts by virtue of its vibration rates. Large acoustic forces break off...

The placement of a device or an additional circuit into a feedback control system to improve its response in relation to a...

Color sensitivity extended to cover the entire visible spectrum out to the red.

Voltage that produces current flow in the direction of lesser resistance to the steady-state direct current, i.e., from the...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

The higher throughput obtained with an FTIR device compared with traditional spectrometers that need slits to achieve...

In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...

The triangle in a chromaticity diagram joining the chromaticities of the NTSC phosphors, and containing all chromaticities...

An instrument designed to measure angles in azimuth; used in general topographic work and military gunnery.

A solar simulator is a device used to replicate the spectrum and intensity of sunlight in a controlled environment for...

Area scan, in the context of imaging and cameras, refers to a method of capturing an entire two-dimensional image in a...

Scanning characterized by the generation of a plane or right circular cone with a vertex angle of about 180° by the...

A telescope with a concave paraboloidal objective mirror and a small plane (diagonal) mirror that reflects rays from the...

An amplifying device with a wide tuning range in which an electron gun sends a beam of electrons into a slow-wave structure....

A dichroic mirror, also known as a dichroic beamsplitter or interference filter beamsplitter, is an optical device that...

The Kerr effect, named after the physicist John Kerr who first observed it in 1875, is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where...

A device used in ultrasonic imaging to measure the velocity and attenuation of compressional waves in a transparent liquid...

A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in...

A portable instrument that uses a four-sided reflecting prism or set of mirrors to create a duplicate image of an object on...

A set of mirrors mounted on solenoids to move them into and out of the path of a laser beam, making it possible for multiple...

An approximated measure of the smallest change in color temperature detectable by the human eye, defined as the reciprocal...

A rear or front projection screen composed of minute optical surfaces that introduce a spread to the light beam that...

A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...

A uniaxial, birefringent crystal such as calcite or ruby in which the velocity of the extraordinary ray surpasses that of...

The process whereby a quantum mechanical system alters from one energy level to another. During this process, energy is...

Amplifier in which the input and output pulse heights are directly proportional.

A television system that does not broadcast television signals but transmits them over a closed circuit.

A device that acquires a signal and then stores it for a specified period of time before processing, and used, for example,...

A microbubble resonator is a device used in photonics and optical physics for the precise manipulation of light waves. It...

Blaze height typically refers to a parameter in the context of diffraction gratings, which are optical devices consisting of...

An instrument that uses an image intensifier to aid in the viewing of subjects in low-light-level environments.

A surgical device used to deliver laser light. Specifically,contact tips are made with artificially grown sapphire which is...

An image-forming system that uses mirrors rather than lenses. Such objectives are frequently used for astronomical...

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...

A false image in television that follows the desired image so closely that it appears to be smeared.

An optical reflector with the reflective coating applied to the front surface of the substrate. This eliminates the ghost...

An optical testing instrument is a device or system used to evaluate and measure the performance, quality, and...

An autocollimator is an optical instrument used for measuring small angular deviations with high precision. It operates on...

Solid-state laser geometry in which the standard rod is replaced by a slab of laser material. Often called...

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...

A molecule that is the mirror image of another molecule. The two mirror-image molecules have the same chemical properties;...

The spectral transmission window in silica-based fibers between 830 and 850 nm.

A photon sieve is an optical device used in the field of optics and imaging. It's designed to focus and shape light,...

Gain-switching is a technique used in lasers to generate short pulses of light by modulating the gain of the laser medium....

The laser output refers to the generated and emitted light produced by a laser system. This output is characterized by...

Irradiance per unit wavelength interval at a given wavelength, expressed in watts per unit area per unit wavelength interval.

The re-emission of absorbed energy, having the same wavelength as the incident energy, in an arbitrary direction from a...

CoaXPress (CoaXPress or CXP) is a standardized digital interface and communication protocol used primarily in machine vision...

The process of using a spectrograph with a telescope to acquire information on an astronomical object's speed and physical...

A well plate, also known as a microplate or microtiter plate, is a flat plate with multiple small wells or depressions...

A neutral density filter that, when placed in front of the iris of a lens, increases the f-stop range.

With respect to a crystal, a monoclinic crystal consists of three unequal axes, two of which intersect each other obliquely...

Any source that emits radiation of wavelengths between 100 and 300 nm. Instruments used to study these sources must be...

The efficiency of scattering by an atom in a particular direction, expressed as: where AA is the amplitude of the wave from...

A write-once optical disc storage system in which the optical head reads continuously while writing to check the accuracy of...

A representation of the shape of a surface, including any roughness or other irregularities. The profile can be generated by...

1. In optics, the housing, usually cylindrical, that contains the lenses and iris diaphragm of a camera. 2. In fiber optics,...

Laser lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses laser energy to break down or fragment stones in various parts of the...

A coating made up of many layers of material having alternating high and low refractive index. In this way, it is possible...

With respect to the effect of crystals on lightwaves, the family of curves having constant direction of polarization.

The separation of unpolarized light into two plane-polarized elements by a doubly refracting crystal. When a crystal, such...

A tool made by imbedding small particles of diamond in the working edge. In the optical field, the most commonly used...

A factor derived by equating the incident light on the subject to the required incident light for suitable photography. The...

In micropositioning systems, motion (most frequently undesired) about the Z-axis.

A type of birefringent polarizing prism that transmits the extraordinary ray and removes the ordinary ray through total...

Luminous flux emitted from a surface per unit solid angle per unit of area, projected onto a plane normal to the direction...

The interferometric analysis of a complex object by utilizing the three-dimensional hologram. By causing a laser beam to...

Parametric measurement for elliptical fiber and cable expressed as a ratio of the two-directional flow of power through the...

Meta-optics, also known as metasurface optics or flat optics, is a branch of optics that involves the design, fabrication,...

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of optical filter that is inscribed or "written" into the core of an optical fiber. It...

A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...

Fizeau fringes are interference fringes observed in an interferometer, specifically in a Fizeau interferometer. The Fizeau...

An experimental model of an electrical circuit or complex assembly; a prototype.

A type of electroluminescent display that will record and maintain an irradiated image on its phosphor screen, provided a DC...

The light wavelength for which the direction of reflectance from the groove face is identical to the angle of diffraction...

A rapid change, as opposed to a long-term drift, of the emission wavelength of an optical source. Chirping is most often...

Proportions of standard primaries (tristimulus values) required for a color match; ratios of each tristimulus value of a...

An observed effect of the ability of certain atomic particles to pass through a barrier that they cannot pass over because...

A device consisting of two optical systems in which two signals are simultaneously transformed to produce their spectra, and...

A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a miniaturized device that integrates various laboratory functions and capabilities onto a single,...

A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...

A piezoelectric translator that moves up and down a spindle like a caterpillar. It clamps itself at one end, expands, clamps...

Birefringence is an optical property of certain materials that causes them to exhibit different refractive indices for light...

The total fusion and sealing of materials, or usually an enclosure, to ensure that they are airtight.

An afocal optical device made up of lenses or mirrors, usually with a magnification greater than unity, that renders distant...

The effect that the optical losses in a medium can grow when the medium is irradiated with light at certain wavelengths.

An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...

A computer-generated hologram (CGH) is a holographic image produced using computational methods and algorithms, rather than...

A device used to measure directional reflectance, with light collection restricted to a narrow range of angles of which the...

An optical lens manufactured to control the transmission of light over a specified wavelength range. Low absorption lenses...

A complete unit containing a light source, globe, reflector, housing, socket and other necessary components for lighting.

Mechanical device intended for the translation (rotational and linear) using high precision control from electronically...

A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...

A laser warning and countermeasure system containing a sensor that indicates the direction of a laser beam, and analytical...

A multilayered thin-film device used to modulate transmitted light in integrated photonic circuits.

Nanopositioning refers to the precise and controlled movement or manipulation of objects or components at the nanometer...

Equipment for testing an observer's color vision. Some tests require the identification or ordering of colored samples. The...

A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....

Employ a Stirling engine for cryogenic cooling.

1. Voltage at which a PN junction begins to pass a current. 2. In a solid-state lamp, the voltage at which light is first...

Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that occurs when an intense laser beam passes through a...

A Ti:Sapphire laser is a type of solid-state laser that utilizes a titanium-doped sapphire crystal as the gain medium. The...

A laser in which the transition involved in stimulated emission of radiation takes place between two levels of an ionized...

Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that possess a cell envelope composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan...

The path of a given point on a wavefront. One of the radii of a wave of light that indicates the direction of light travel.

A lumen is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of luminous flux, which is the perceived power of light. In...

A type of filter consisting of a series of birefringent crystals and polarizers invented by French astronomer Bernard Lyot...

A camera system used for microphotography that has a structure, such as a cylinder or surveyor belt, to rotate the documents...

Fluorescence is a type of luminescence, which is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other...

The graph of a curve describing the spectral irradiance of extraterrestrial sunlight.

imaging system which clearly shows the IR signals in the field of view as well as ambient environment

A device that permits the adjustment of facsimile transmitters and recorders so that their scanning lines stop and start at...

The Casimir force is a quantum phenomenon that results in an attractive force between two closely spaced uncharged...

The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is an optical device used for measuring the wavefront aberrations of an optical system....

A lock-in amplifier is a specialized electronic instrument used to extract and measure small signals embedded in noise or...

Simulation of radiative transfer in which each photon is generated by a source and its path through the medium is...

A technique for reducing data processing requirements by electronically defining only a small portion of the image to be...

Harmonic generation refers to a nonlinear optical process in which incoming photons interact with a material and produce new...

A pair of long, slender parallel apertures used in experiments on diffraction and interference.

The specification of allowable flaws in a surface by comparison to reference standards of quality. Two graded sets of...

With respect to atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, the fluorescence that is emitted by an atom at a spectral line of a...

Ferroelectric materials are a type of dielectric materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, meaning they...

Optical phase distortion refers to a phenomenon where the phase of an optical wavefront is altered as it propagates through...

A nitrogen vacancy (NV) refers to a specific type of defect or impurity in a crystal lattice where a nitrogen atom replaces...

An acousto-optic modulator (AOM) is a device that utilizes the interaction between sound waves and light waves to modulate...

In an optical rangefinder, the system of wedges that rotate in opposite directions to aid in the detection of deviation in...

The intensity distribution seen when scanning the image of a line, in the direction perpendicular to that line.

A junction between semiconductors that differ in their doping level conductivities, and also in their atomic or alloy...

Oscilloscope electronic circuit that produces an output pulse whose pulse width is determined by the time that the output...

First stated by Abbe, condition states that the ratio of input and output angles, from object point to image point, for two...

A form of monochromator optical system consisting of two spherical concave mirrors used in conjunction with a movable...

The equivalent f number of a fictitious lens that has a circular opening and 100 percent transmittance, which would give the...

A valve that serves to release air into an evacuated system.

An absorption peak refers to a sharp increase or spike in the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at a particular...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of secure communication that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to...

Luminous flux emitted by a source in a given range of directions; the unit of measure is the lumen/steradian, now known as...

Flux per unit area measured normal to the direction of propagation of the flux.

A device used to count objects that pass a given point by allowing each object to obstruct a beam of light falling on a...

A mirror mount is a mechanical device used to secure and precisely position mirrors in optical systems. Mirrors are...

A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...

A term denoting the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field associated with an electromagnetic wave when describing...

A matrix-controlled display that has information storage at the display surface, and requires that an element be addressed...

A method of studying the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules (typically living tissue and chemical...

A powerful and flexible machine-learning approach that can be used in machine vision to help solve difficult problems....

Modification of a system to provide for a linear transfer characteristic from an input to an output device. A circuit for...

Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...

The term "metaverse" refers to a collective virtual shared space, created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical...

The frequency domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to represent signals and data in terms of their...

A method of erasable optical data storage in which information is stored by visible light, then read by illumination with an...

An optical system having one or more lens or mirror components that have nonspherical surfaces. These surfaces, whether...

Time-lapse optical coherence tomography (OCT) refers to a medical imaging technique that captures a series of sequential OCT...

Capacity of a vision system to capture an image of an object in motion and to resolve the direction and speed of that motion.

Consists of a pair of radio telescopes concentrated on a single celestial object. This technique creates a single radio...

Nonlinear optics is a branch of optics that studies the optical phenomena that occur when intense light interacts with a...

The technology that deals with the interaction of organic materials with light and other forms of radiant energy whose...

Developed for use in military reconnaissance systems, it consists of a polygonal mirror, drive motor, interface between...

The theory and interpretation of spectra produced by the electron emissions of substances after their irradiation by x-rays.

A glass that is heated, then chilled (usually by an air blast) to set up internal stresses so that the surfaces are under...

A gas laser wherein the gas mixture is not exhausted into the atmosphere but is continually recycled. It is excited in the...

The production of visible light by infrared radiation whereby the light is produced by heat and not by any direct change in...

Spectroscopy characterized by the Mossbauer effect - recoilless emission and absorption of nuclear gamma radiation- which...

The smallest object that may be seen, measured in terms of the angle subtended by the object measured at the eye. Also...

The light spectrum formed by an explosive reaction or by the electrical explosion of a metallic wire by a strong current.

The part of an electrical circuit in which the electrons leave (a cathode-ray tube) or enter (an electrolytic cell) a unit...

An instrument used to record rapidly varying currents or voltages. An oscillograph may consist of a cathode-ray tube...

A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...

An artificial star used to aid in adaptive optics imaging of the sky. The guide star is provided from a telescope system on...

A projection printer that is capable of reproducing a multiplicity of images from a master transparency on a single support...

A sequential scanning device, utilizing a revolving lens, in which the cathode-ray tube image is transformed into a circle...

A device for the internal inspection of hard-to-get-at mechanical parts, such as rifle barrels, sewer pipes, oil wells, or...

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) refers to a specific range of the infrared spectrum. Infrared radiation is divided into three main...

The conductivity increase exhibited by some nonmetallic materials, resulting from the free carriers generated when photon...

A dichroic coating, also known as a dichroic filter or dichroic mirror, is an optical coating designed to selectively...

Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...

In coherence theory, an optical law put forth by physicist Emil Wolf that explains the behavior of light as it travels away...

An imaginary plane dividing a body into two parts so that each part is the precise mirror image of the other in the plane of...

A polarizer that consists of dichroic polarizing material embedded in a plastic sheet, and that transmits light that is...

A mirror composed of liquid, taking advantage of the parabolic shape of a spinning liquid and the fact that the mirror's...

A cathode-ray tube, driven by a computer, that receives impulses of information from the computer and displays it in a...

An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...

A tool used in cutting circular holes around a center. Also, a laser cutter in which the beam moves in relation to the cut...

Inertial fusion energy (IFE) refers to a proposed method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy released from...

The process of grinding the concave surface of a single-vision spherical lens.

The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...

Dewetting is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where a thin film or coating spontaneously undergoes a process of...

Hydrophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or do not readily interact with water. The word...

MTF analysis/measurement equipment refers to instruments and tools used to measure and analyze the modulation transfer...

A gas laser in which the energy-state transitions between vibrational and rotational states of CO2 molecules give emission...

Glass of special composition that is melted, formed into desired shapes, and subjected to a high-temperature treatment in...

Computer vision enables computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual data, such as images and videos. It...

A crystal-based device that combines and adjusts the intensities of multiple wavelengths of laser light in order to obtain...

Superresolution refers to the enhancement or improvement of the spatial resolution beyond the conventional limits imposed by...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

A substrate refers to a material or surface upon which another material or process is applied or deposited. In various...

A frame taken to identify electronic noise in a CCD imaging device. A dark frame is recorded without exposing the CCD to any...

Single-mode fiber that preserves the plane of polarization of the light launched into it as the beam propagates through its...

A device designed to concentrate and direct a light source by enclosing the source in it and using a concave reflector to...

A blackbody source, often simply referred to as a blackbody, is a theoretical or practical physical object that absorbs all...

A noncrystalline, inorganic mixture of various metallic oxides fused by heating with glassifiers such as silica, or boric or...

The circle that contains the slit, grating and primary astigmatic focus of a concave diffraction grating.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...

Instantaneous field of view (iFOV) is a term commonly used in the context of remote sensing, imaging systems, and optical...

In an optical waveguide, a mode whose field decays monotonically in the transverse direction everywhere external to the core...

Able to rotate the plane of polarization of a transmitted, plane-polarized light beam clockwise as seen by a viewer looking...

The electric field associated with an electromagnetic wave and thus with a lightwave. The electric vector specifies the...

The partially reflective mirror at the end of the laser cavity that is the source of the beam. It controls the coupling...

The use of a reflective device, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials including gases, solids, dyes, aerosols,...

A laser radar application in which a sequence of direct measurements of target position is fed into a tracking filter to...

A beam shaper is an optical device or system designed to modify the spatial profile or intensity distribution of a laser or...

Particle acceleration refers to the process by which charged particles, such as electrons or protons, gain kinetic energy...

Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...

An eyepiece having a rotating index or cross wire linked to an external 360° scale to allow measuring of angles in an...

A field of physics that deals with light as if it truly were composed of rays diverging in various directions from the...

A lens made from transparent plastic material. Lenses over 31/2 in. in diameter are usually machined, ground and polished....

An array of optically distinct fibers that are fused into one strand. They are used to keep the resolution efficiency of the...

A circuit that permits feedback in an electronic device.

A mechanical shutter that has had its timing escapement replaced with an electronic timing circuit. This circuit allows a...

The nondestructive analysis and recording of industrial components based on the absorption of relatively low-energy neutrons...

A rapid roughing process for the quick removal of glass, the first step in manufacture of a curved lens surface. It is...

A technique in which a beam of x-rays is directed against a crystal, the atoms of which, because of their lattice...

Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, based on the notion that electrons with opposite momentum and spin...

A broadband, visible picosecond probe pulse capable of measuring an entire absorption spectrum in one shot.

The term used in reference to vacuum systems using oil and diffusion pumps, describes the migration of pump fluids and their...

A means of determining a prism's index of refraction by placing the prism so that its emergent face is perpendicular to the...

A line-scan camera, also known as a line-scan image sensor or linear array camera, is a type of digital camera designed to...

Raman spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry and physics to study vibrational, rotational, and other...

Electromagnetic radiation present upon the open aperture of the source within an operating environment.

A fiber optic cable assembly refers to a complete unit consisting of optical fibers, connectors, protective jackets, and...

The luminescence displayed when particular minerals are irradiated with β-rays and g-rays, after being exposed to...

A lens assembly containing several movable elements to permit changing of the effective focal length (EFL). Unlike a zoom...

A calculated measure of the ability of an incident force to cause an object to spin. The spin speed of any given object is a...

Dichroism refers to the property of certain materials to exhibit different colors or absorbance of light depending on the...

A telescope so manufactured that the image remains erect and the position of the eyepiece is unchanged as the line of sight...

Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...

Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...

A glass substrate that has its rear surface coated with a reflective coating. Also known as a back-surface mirror.

An instrument for eye surgery that directs intense xenon arc light through the transparent cornea lens to the retina where...

Computerized lens design algorithm that permits the lens MTF characteristic to be included and controlled during the...

A technique for creating optimal performance in a system by producing a specific beam irradiance distribution, usually...

An alteration in magnification from the center of the field to any point in the field, measured in a radial direction from...

Multiple exposures of holograms, one for each position of a vibrating image, that are used for vibration analysis and that...

An interferometer formed by two similar concave spherical mirrors arranged with the center of one sphere on the other...

The term reflective is an adjective that describes the ability of a surface or material to reflect light or other forms of...

Two plane mirrors that are not wholly located in the same plane. When light from a point source or slit reflects from the...

A color center, in the context of materials science and condensed matter physics, refers to a specific type of...

A furnace used to heat glass materials. It may be a small laboratory-type furnace for small-scale experiments or large...

A spectrograph that functions in a vacuum and therefore eliminates any air-absorption of the emission being surveyed.

The direct influence of light on the magnetic susceptibility of particular materials.

In microscopy, the clear distance between the specimen being viewed and the first optical element of the objective lens.

A process by which the ionizing capabilities of a laser beam are used to break initiate conduction between pairs of...

The simplest method of transmission on a local area network. The entire bandwidth of the cable is used to transmit a single...

Any problem that requires retrieval of the distribution of some internal properties, such as temperature concentration,...

Power modulation refers to the intentional variation of power levels in a signal, often in the context of electronic...

In holography, the beam of light that is directed from the beamsplitter to the recording medium, where it interferes with...

A multilayer antireflective thin-film coating, so called because its reflectance rises steeply at wavelengths above and...

Chirality is a property of certain molecules and objects in which they are non-superimposable on their mirror images. In...

The behavior of microscopic solid particles suspended in a fluid, first observed by botanist Robert Brown in 1827 as a...

A retroreflector that can focus a beam of light, with one planar reflective surface, one spherical and a third that is...

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is an optical device used to measure the phase difference between two collimated beams of...

A waveguide is a physical structure or device that is designed to confine and guide electromagnetic waves, such as radio...

In the context of optical materials, the term "impurity level" refers to the presence of foreign atoms or molecules within...

The simultaneous occurrence of direct and diffuse transmission.

Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...

A substance that transmits the infrared, but which is too delicate or fragile to be used in the form of a single crystal....

A device that consists of two types of mode converters, one of which must be magnetic. It is nonreciprocal because the...

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...

An optical combiner, in the context of optics and display technologies, refers to a device or component that combines...

A medical imaging device that uses a ring of crystal/photomultiplier tube assemblies encircling the patient to detect gamma...

The fluorescent emission spectrum emitted by certain substances following the irradiation of one of these substances with...

Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by the presence of suspended particles. These...

The maximum to minimum range of temperature, pressure, humidity, vibration and biological conditions under which an optical...

A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...

A semiconductor laser diode that emits light perpendicular to the active region. The output radiation is taken through the...

In infrared imaging systems used for mass screening of printed circuit boards or other quality control applications, an...

The entrance slit, also known simply as the slit, is an essential component in optical instruments such as spectrometers and...

A display that allows the observation and measurement of the altitude and range of airborne objects.

Computer hardware or firmware that accesses character patterns stored in read-only memory and displays them at specific...

A relay that opens or closes an electrical circuit depending on the intensity of the light incident to a photoelectric...

A plate of glass in which a face has been frosted by grinding or etching. It diffuses light by scattering in directions...

A form of prism invented by H.W. Dove. It resembles half of a common right-angle prism in which a ray entering parallel to...

In a liquid crystal system, the director refers to the local symmetry axis around which the long range order of the liquid...

Ellipsometry is an optical technique used to characterize the properties of thin films and surfaces. It is based on the...

Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...

The principle that a light ray extending from one point to another will, after any number of reflections and refractions,...

A device having a plane mirror so mounted that it can be set to reflect sunlight into a piece of laboratory equipment. It is...

Magneto-optics refers to the study and manipulation of the interaction between magnetic fields and light (electromagnetic...

A densitometer having a receiver that indicates when a desired radiation level has been attained.

A hologram having an object wave that has been transmitted through the transparent object media to a mirror, reflected again...

A lithography method that allows the transfer of fine-pitch gratings from a phase mask into photoresist. The exposure takes...

A spectroscopic technique used in the detection of free radicals by virtue of their electronic spectra. In this method, an...

Phase matching is a crucial concept in the field of optics, particularly in nonlinear optics and the generation of coherent...

One of the first lasers to find practical application. Generally, the pumping mechanism is an electric discharge, although...

The production of rough glass lens blanks that are pressed while red-hot to the approximate size and shape of the finished...

Discipline within optical physics that addresses sound vibration, phonon effects and their influencing behavior within...

Also referred to as the V number in fiber optics; the normalized frequency is a dimensionless quantity, denoted by the...

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are substances or compounds used to enhance the thermal conductivity between two surfaces...

1. To center an image or place it in any part of the television screen desired. Also applies to stills. 2. A single image of...

Name originally given to the sun's infrared radiation by Sir William Herschel in his Philosophical Transactions of 1800.

Concave and convex spherical mirrors are types of curved mirrors that have surfaces shaped like segments of spheres. These...

A parabolic, elliptical, hyperbolic or circular section created when a solid cone is intersected by a plane.

Technique using functional optical microscope with the addition of a coherent source collinear with the image path. The...

Mode hopping in the context of lasers refers to a phenomenon where a laser system abruptly switches from one longitudinal...

Sapphire can refer to either a gemstone or a specific type of crystalline material commonly used in various industrial...

A device for forming at least two adjacent areas of polarized light. The angle between the directions of vibration of the...

A manufacturing process used to construct substrates for large optical components. Used with IR materials, planform bonding...

A test method for determining high-reflectivity levels by monitoring cavity decay within a resonant cavity formed by two...

A container which secures multiple splice trays and protects the trays and their contents from damage.

An optical circuit, either monolithic or hybrid, composed of active and passive components, used for coupling between...

A photovoltaic cell usually sensitive to infrared radiation. It may have a copper base and a film of cuprous oxide. When it...

Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) is a type of display technology used in electronic devices, known for its energy...

The quality of asymmetrical intensity distribution in a laser beam, as opposed to a circular distribution.

An instrument that uses a photoelectric system to determine the size and volume of dust particles in a given unit of air.

Production of a repeated image of a transmitted beam through a diffractive optical element such as a holographic card or...

With respect to microscopy, also called dispersive staining, optical staining the projection of colors through areas of a...

A microdisplay is a miniature electronic display technology that is designed to project visual information onto a small...

The resulting interference pattern generated from moiré deflectometry, the moiré pattern is a pattern...

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method of achieving nuclear fusion, a process where two atomic nuclei combine to...

Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exhibits properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid...

A surface that is swept out by revolving a circle about an axis that lies in the plane of the circle but that does not...

A device used to compare the luminous intensities of two sources by locating a point between the two light sources where the...

1. Lines of the same color. 2. A term used in photoelastic stress analysis to refer to the interference fringes produced in...

Remote sensing is a method of data collection and observation where information about objects, areas, or phenomena on...

An operational mode for radiometers that analogs the method of operation of an angstrom pyrheliometer. In this mode, the...

A detector-Dewar assembly typically refers to a combination of a detector and a Dewar flask used in scientific instruments,...

The ratio of the power in a desired signal to the undesirable noise present in the absence of a signal.

The ray that has an isotropic speed and maintains a uniform polarization in all propagation directions when traveling in a...

Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, the international commission on illumination.

Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...

A diagram that shows actual component signals and the basic wiring configuration of a relay logic circuit.

Ultraviolet (UV) fiber optics refers to optical fibers that are designed and optimized for the transmission of ultraviolet...

A spheric lens, also known as a spherical lens, is a type of optical lens with at least one surface that is part of a...

A well controlled thin films technique for growing films with good crystal structure in ultra high vacuum environments at...

A camera that uses a rotating mirror to project sequential images onto lenses that are arranged in an arc. The reflected...

Filoviruses are a family of viruses that are responsible for severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and...

The spontaneous emittance of electromagnetic radiation by the nucleus of certain radioactive elements during their quantum...

A material used to jacket fiber optic cables. It is chemical- and moisture-resistant, but not fire-resistant.

A television receiver that receives the signals generated by a television camera directly, or remotely through a radio...

A set of algorithms used to study the structural and spatial characteristics of objects in a digitized image for...

A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...

A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby all the processing elements are operating under their own local...

A diverging lens is a type of lens that causes parallel rays of light to spread out or diverge. It is thinner in the center...

Free-space optics (FSO), also known as optical wireless communication or optical wireless networking, refers to the...

A multilayer coating that manifests both a low radiant reflectance and radiant absorption.

In the field of optics and imaging, a mesoscope refers to an optical instrument that is designed to observe and capture...

Medical lasers are devices that produce intense beams of light with specific characteristics and properties, which are used...

A laser using a dye solution as the active medium whose resonator is formed into a ring (or a triangle or another shape) by...

In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...

An imaging process in which the single opening of a simple pinhole camera is replaced with many openings called,...

Ratio of the directionally reflected flux to that reflected in the same direction by a perfect reflecting diffuser...

An energy transition concerned with photons alone.

A narrow channel created by cleaving a crystal made of alternating layers of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide,...

An antigen is any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response in an organism. Antigens are typically proteins...

A direct method of measuring refractive index that works best with flat-surfaced samples (i.e., those that are not dependent...

Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...

A device that is fabricated in a single piece; A device (i.e. circuit) that is operated at a single frequency or a single...

Collaborative Robot (Cobot): Unlike traditional autonomous robots, which usually work by themselves, a collaborative robot...

A metal device of convex or concave curvature to which lens castings or semifinished lenses are cemented with only their...

A three-terminal semiconductor having only one PN junction and a stable, open-circuit, negative-resistance property.

Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...

The condition in which there are more atomic systems in the upper of two energy levels than in the lower, so stimulated...

A nonlinear label-free imaging technique commonly used during surgical procedures for the visualization of collagen fibers...

Spherical aberration is an optical aberration that occurs when light rays passing through a lens or curved optical surface...

A collimator having, at one end of a tube, an objective lens, and at the other, a reticle with a pair of spaced lines...

A device attached to the end of an alignment telescope that detects and calculates a plane mirror's rotation axis that is...

Area in which laser operation occurs and therefore safety requirements are met and regulations are implemented. Lasers...

The interaction of superimposed light from two separate sources that results in a combined intensity that is less than the...

Micro-LED (micro-light-emitting diode) refers to a technology that involves the use of very small light-emitting diodes to...

In polarization-preserving optical fibers, the element used to induce birefringence. The SAP is highly doped to provide a...

A rotating component with a series of flat reflective surfaces around the perimeter that is used in scanning systems to...

An assembly of multiple prisms that disperses incident light into its spectral components without deviating light at the...

For light incident on a plane boundary between two regions having different refractive indices, the angle of incidence at...

An astronomical mirror, also known as a telescope mirror or primary mirror, is a key component of a reflecting telescope. It...

An instrument that contains a spectrograph with a grating in which an array of slits, in place of a photographic plate, is...

A lens having an extremely high aperture and used in the recording of x-ray fluorescent screen images. It often is specially...

The smallest linear diameter to which a laser or other beam of radiant energy is capable of being focused, depending on the...

Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...

1. The process by which an atom acquires energy sufficient to raise it to a quantum state higher than its ground state. 2....

A laser whose pulses are expanded, using gratings and optical fibers, before amplification and compressed to increase beam...

A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...

The coupling of two circuits by the use of a light pipe through which photons are transmitted.

A method of evaluating image quality whereby a large number of rays are traced through a lens from a single object point,...

An image that is formed when rays emerging from an optical system are diverging from the optical axis. The virtual image is...

A filter that transmits light in a series of sharp, widely spaced wavelength bands by its sandwich construction of...

A method of optical fiber coupling in which the fibers are ground down to expose their cores and placed together to allow...

The separate spectral lines formed by a diffraction grating that are characterized by one wavelength difference in path...

An instrument designed for laser technology that is used to extract single pulses from the laser and transmit a portion of...

Referred to as SWCNTs, these cylindrical nanostructures composed of a folded sheet of graphene can be used as near-infrared...

The unwanted and unpredictable fluctuations that distort a received signal and hence tend to obscure the desired message....

A detector array refers to a collection of individual detector elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid or matrix format....

The term light field refers to the spatial distribution of light rays traveling in all directions through a given space. It...

Laser surgery by means of a low-power laser system using a synthetic sapphire scalpel that transmits the laser light while...

Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) is a technique used in the fabrication of optical fibers. It is a specialized form...

Irregular waves; e.g., light waves, having little coherence and a broad spectrum of frequencies.

An oil required by oil-immersion objectives that is applied between the exterior of the objective lens and a cover glass or...

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to model and solve complex...

A laser resonator in which a mode oscillating between the mirrors will converge upon the laser's longitudinal axis.

A piece of uniform birefringent material placed at a 45° angle to the plane of polarization in a polarizing microscope...

A device for automatic exposure control in which a motor-driven diaphragm adjusts the aperture in response to a signal from...

An instrument using a Michelson interferometer, a beamsplitter, two plane mirrors and a detector to give Fourier analysis of...

A telescope with an ellipsoidal secondary concave mirror that reflects rays from a parabolic primary mirror through an...

A defect in the cleaved end face of an optical fiber in which the surface changes abruptly.

A device that uses nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between fused silica substrates to change the phase of polarized...

The interaction between electrical and mechanical stress-strain factors in a material. When piezoelectric crystal is...

A modulator is a device or component that modifies a carrier signal in order to encode information for transmission over a...

A mirror coated to reflect cold (white) light while transmitting hot (infrared) energy.

The deviation from the ideal case where a circular variable filter is located at a given wavelength along a radial line (or...

An optical grating, in the context of optics and physics, refers to a device with a periodic structure of closely spaced,...

A surface heat-treating process that produces a highly stressed surface. In case-hardening of glass, a plate of glass is...

An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...

In gradient index optics, a gradient profile in which the index varies in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis....

A type of high-speed photographic shutter that uses Faraday rotation to produce exposure times as fast as 1 microsecond. It...

A vibrational transition refers to a change in the vibrational energy of a molecule. Molecules consist of atoms that are...

When uncontrolled laser energy leaks from a laser cavity prematurely, it causes serious damage to optical components and...

The angular spectrum approach is a mathematical and computational technique used in the field of optics to analyze and...

A fish-eye lens designed to photograph cloud formations over the entire visible sky.

Structural color refers to coloration in materials that is not caused by pigments or dyes but is instead a result of the...

Electronic circuit capable of distinguishing the pulses emitted by separate counters in a given time phase and determining...

The methods and techniques used to obtain medical photographs of the human eye. To photograph the exterior of the eye,...

A device used to measure the speed of light by adjusting the rotation of a toothed wheel so that light passing through one...

A fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna (FCPA) is a type of optoelectronic device that combines a photoconductive antenna...

Wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm (VIS to NIR) are focused onto the retina by the cornea. Because the retina is sensitive...

A small erect-image telescope for use as a sighting device on a rifle. The chief requirement is a long eye relief to avoid...

An alteration in the direction of the magnetic induction at the interface between two media of different permeability.

A system designed to control the output quantity of a device by returning a portion of its output signal to its input. This...

1. A defect inherent in a multiple-axis positioning system whereby an adjustment of one axis causes an undesired change in...

A two-mirror lens design used in astronomical telescopes, the primary being a parabola, the secondary a smaller hyperbola....

Optical fiber that transmits a greater percentage of input light than does high-loss step-index fiber. Low-loss fiber...

Biometrics refers to the automated recognition of individuals based on their physiological or behavioral characteristics....

A digital imaging method whereby the first gray level of each sequential point-by-point sample and its position in the...

Also referred to as a funduscope, an ophthalmoscope is a specialized instrument used by ophthalmologists for observing and...

A wave that is polarized elliptically or circularly polarized and in which the electric field vector — observed while...

An optical waveguide in which only the lowest order bound mode, which may consist of a pair of orthogonally polarized...

A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...

A standard for fiber optic data transmission systems being developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and...

The characteristic of displaying three colors when observed in as many separate directions.

A process and method by which manipulation and orientation of a given number of directed laser beams decreases the motion of...

A specific, right-angle prism having a transmission grating replicated on its hypotenuse face and used in applications...

Phenomenon caused by an ultrashort and ultra-intense light pulse propagating in a Kerr medium, such as air or water. When...

A type of radiation detector designed to recognize nonlinear optical effects, such as the Raman effect, by means of a...

Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...

A 2-million W, 2.7-µm-wavelength hydrogen-fluoride laser used as a directed energy weapon.

Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...

The circuit that regulates an electron beam's deflection in a cathode-ray tube.

Supercontinuum refers to a broad spectrum of light that spans a wide range of wavelengths, typically from the visible to the...

A formed piece of glass, one surface of which has been ground and polished to the required curvatures.

A beam of light whose electrical field amplitude distribution is Gaussian. When such a beam is circular in cross section,...

Optical coatings are thin layers of materials applied to optical components, such as lenses, mirrors, filters, and prisms,...

Thermography is a technique that involves the use of an infrared imaging device, called a thermal camera or infrared camera,...

1. An eyepiece or magnifier with a scale at its image plane. That scale is placed in contact with an object, permitting...

A chemical detection technique used to measure molecules that have a magnetic dipole moment. The analysis is directed to...

The entire range of colors a specific color model can produce, represented as a three-dimensional solid.

Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...

Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development of algorithms and...

The observation and measurement of the flatness of a mirror surface by contacting an optical flat with the mirror. The...

Topology is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the properties of space that are preserved under continuous...

A mirror employed with a very high incidence angle to form a pair of coherent light sources by reflection, and therefore...

In a waveguide, a change in direction of the axis without deviating from the plane of polarization.

An electromagnetic device used to separate isotopes of elements based on their respective masses.

Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...

1. One of the plane-reflecting surfaces on a multisurfaced polygon. 2. The cleaved end mirror of a laser diode's active...

A mirror whose coating serves to reflect visible radiation while transmitting the infrared.

A type of spectroscopy used extensively in the analysis of biological samples. Because most biologically synthesized...

GigE, short for gigabit Ethernet, refers to a standard for high-speed Ethernet communication, capable of transmitting data...

An opaque projector is a device used for enlarging and projecting images from opaque objects such as printed pages,...

A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...

A device that produces an interferogram that can be directly related to the temperature gradient and thereby provides a...

The interference pattern formed by light waves diffracted at the edges of an object as seen on a screen placed in their path.

1. The process of wearing down the surface of a softer material by rubbing it under pressure against the surface of a harder...

A defect in the cleaved end face of an optical fiber, defined as multiple surface irregularities across the fiber surface. A...

A quantum of electromagnetic energy of a single mode; i.e., a single wavelength, direction and polarization. As a unit of...

The imaging of two photographs of a stereo pair, in complementary colors, for the preparation of contour maps.

An advanced magnetic device used in x-ray lithography to beam x-rays onto the surface of silicon wafers used for...

A cathode-ray tube in which secondary emission electrons form a display of high intensity.

In astronomy, the main lobe of an antenna pattern that has a small angular extent in two mutually perpendicular directions....

A multidimensional array of values that is commonly used in programming to describe a time series of image data. Each...

Inquiry made to gain access by a master station in a token ring network.

A measure of the closeness with which an optical image is capable of resembling the original object. The factors that affect...

Pyramid error in optics refers to an aberration in the shape of an optical surface, particularly in the context of mirrors....

In a remote sensing system, nadir refers to the point on the ground located vertically below the center of the system. In...

QLED stands for quantum dot light-emitting diode. QLED is a display technology that utilizes quantum dots, which are...

FMCW lidar stands for frequency-modulated continuous wave lidar. It is a type of lidar (light detection and ranging)...

Optical glass containing zirconium fluoride that results in special characteristics such as improved transmission.

Topological photonics is a branch of physics and optics that explores the application of topological concepts to the...

The measure of departure from a flat surface, as applied to lenses; the reciprocal of radius. Applies to any surface,...

A spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the intensity of light at various wavelengths in the...

An optical wedge of very small angles that admits light while sealing out moisture and dirt and that may be rotated to...

The phenomenon that can render an optical resonator the equivalent of a semiconductor flip-flop. A bistable device will...

A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...

Fluorescence imaging technique in which the excitation light from the objective is directed into the sample producing...

A form of high-power microscope objective where the space between the object and the first element is filled with an oil...

Retroreflection is a phenomenon in optics where light is reflected back toward its source, typically in a direction nearly...

In remote sensing technology, this represents the intensity of energy flow in the direction of wave propagation.

The process by which laser emission is used in measuring fluid velocity and, more specifically, the detection of air and...

An automatic camera that can record reduced images of documents at a rate of up to 30,000 documents per hour by having the...

A rotating mirror coupled with a distant mirror and used in a system by Foucault to compute the velocity of light. Light...

A beamsplitting mirror that reflects as a function of wavelength.

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is an advanced optical imaging technique used in microscopy to enhance the...

An optical element located at an image plane, containing a pattern that assists in pointing an instrument or measuring...

A fiber optic communications system that works on the principles of homodyning or heterodyning. The transmitting laser...

1. The focal point. 2. To adjust the eyepiece or objective of a telescope so that the image is clearly seen by the observer....

A technique for observing the decay of light emissions from sources following their pulsed excitations, based on recording...

An antireflection coating (AR coating) is a thin film or coating applied to optical surfaces, such as lenses or windows, to...

A photometer used to measure sky brightness and polarization associated with zodiacal light, background starlight, F-region...

Zone of laser operation in which the direct, reflected or scattered light exceeds the laser's MPE and (by ANSI standards)...

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...

A mass-relieving method whereby material is removed through the sides of a reflector in a direction parallel to the surface....

A colorless, crystalline compound whose low refractive index (n = 1.38) makes it effective as a lens antireflection coating...

A ferroelectric polycrystalline ceramic material used in optical memories for computers and as a piezoelectric transducer.

High-voltage, fast-discharge circuit named after its inventor, Erwin Marx. Its capacitors are charged in parallel and...

A laser that has a surface-emitting semiconductor gain element coupled to an external mirror designed to complete the laser...

A near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the absorption, transmission, or reflection...

A class of optical phenomena that can be viewed only with nearly monochromatic, directional beams of light, such as those...

Infrared optics refer to optical components and systems designed to manipulate and control infrared (IR) light, which lies...

A confocal resonator, also known as a confocal cavity or confocal laser resonator, is a type of optical resonator...

Property of a surface which, because of directional reflection, is responsible for the degree to which reflected highlights...

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the manipulation and control of very small fluid volumes, typically...

An image-forming system having curved mirrors in place of transparent glass components. Mirror lenses are commonly used for...

An optical assembly refers to a collection of optical components that are carefully arranged and aligned to perform a...

A method of projecting integrated circuit patterns on a silicon wafer using x-ray wavelengths focused through a special mask.

A near-infrared (NIR) camera is an imaging device designed to capture images in the near-infrared region of the...

Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...

A pair of waveguides with axes normal to the plane and that guide uniform cylindrical waves.

A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...

The coupled pairs of electrons that carry supercurrents through the body of a superconductor, relative to a coherent...

Light present in the environment around a detecting or interpreting device, especially a machine vision system, and...

A recorder that plots, on a chart, the interaction between two variables, not directly representing time.

A countermeasure used against heat seeking missiles to reduce their effectiveness. Normally it involves the emittance of...

The collection and detection of x-rays by virtue of their ionizing properties. The ionization may be perceived directly by a...

An engine in which work is performed by the expansion of a gas at high temperature; heat for the expansion is supplied...

A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...

Freeform optics refers to the design and fabrication of optical surfaces that do not follow traditional symmetric shapes,...

A small mass spectrometer used to find leaks in a vacuum system by detecting the presence of helium. Using a magnetic...

Injecting a gas (usually nitrogen) with a very low moisture content into the body of an optical instrument to create a...

A camera designed with a telecentric optical system and a narrow field of view; the telecentric optical system (placement of...

Denoting a finished circular edge. A decentered lens is adjusted on a centering chuck so that its image runs true, and the...

The magnetic flux that, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of one volt as it is reduced to...

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a manufacturing process that involves creating three-dimensional...

A computer circuit that supplies the action of problem-solving functions or operations.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...

Videography refers to the process of capturing moving images and recording them in a digital format. It involves the use of...

The shape of the edge of a concave surface when the depth of the bevel plane to the vertex of the surface is controlled to a...

A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. It can detect...

Optofluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from optics and fluidics to create devices and systems...

A transparent crystalline substance in which the refractive index of the optic axis (extraordinary axis) is different from...

A microcomb, short for microresonator frequency comb, is a novel photonic device that generates a precise series of evenly...

A nondestructive testing method for very large scale integration circuits, using a scanning electron microscope to monitor...

A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...

The positioning of two Nicol prisms so that their axes are at right angles to each other. With this arrangement, light...

A spectroscope having a divided circle and a means for the rapid reversal of prisms for the measurement of refractive index...

Bar pattern represented as a sine curve in which the light distribution varies in one direction.

A biomarker, short for biological marker, refers to a measurable and quantifiable indicator of a biological condition,...

Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a specialized optical fiber that features two concentric cladding layers surrounding a core. The...

A solid block of glass-ceramic material with holes drilled the length of all four sides, and mirrors attached to the corners...

In optical communications, the translation of optical signals into radio signals, lowering their frequency in detection from...

Law relating the illuminance (or irradiance) of a surface to the cosine of the angle, q, between the normal to the surface...

An optical experiment carried out conclusively in 1887 that demonstrated that the ether, a hypothetical medium postulated by...

A two-flux theory in which the radiation is assumed to be composed of two oppositely directed radiation fluxes through a...

The substrate upon which a diffraction grating will be ruled. It must be dimensionally stable, and the surface must be...

An OLED display that has an integrated electronic backplane as its substrate. Active-matrix OLED displays use at least two...

A form of laser output noise that is caused by thermal, mechanical, or acoustical disturbances of the cavity length. Mode...

1. The variation in intensity of a light beam as it travels through the atmosphere. 2. In radiation physics, a light flash...

The process in the manufacture of an optical system that gives it the required geometric shape.

In hybrid or monolithic integrated circuits, the laser ablation of a portion of resistor material to achieve the design...

A term for the ring-shaped stop in a phase contrast microscope. The phase annulus limits the amount of light that reaches...

Directing an optical beam in varying directions by varying reflection, refraction, focusing and diffraction methods.

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...

An accelerometer is a sensor or transducer that measures the rate of change of velocity of an object, or in simpler terms,...

A broken circle used as the test object in distinguishing visual acuity. The width of the gap in the circle is equal to the...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...

A point cloud is a set of data points in a three-dimensional coordinate system, where each point represents a specific...

A laser pumped by solar radiation focused by mirrors.

The inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of one volt is produced when the electric current in the...

A sheet of thin brass, one edge of which has been accurately cut to a known and marked circular radius. It is used to check...

Description of a particle that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image.

When a lens system with a circular aperture is free of aberrations, the image of a point object will appear as a disc of...

Virtual histology refers to the use of digital technology and computational methods to simulate or recreate histological...

A stream of electrons emitted by a single source that move in the same direction and at the same speed.

A relatively hard crystal, highly resistant to excessive energy radiation, that is frequently used for optical windows,...

Spectroscopy is a technique used in the study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It involves...

Diamond turning refers to a precision machining process used to produce complex optical components, particularly lenses and...

A dye laser cell configuration in which the dye flows in the direction of the axis of the laser, yielding symmetrical energy...

An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...

The study of x-rays, their biological effects and technology. Named for W.C. Roentgen, who discovered x-rays in 1895.

A telescope similar to the customary Cassegrain telescope, but having a primary mirror that is ellipsoidal and a secondary...

Histochemical staining is a laboratory technique used in biology and medicine to visualize specific chemical components...

The transfer of a part of a device's or circuit's output back to its input.

A CCD device for sensing longer wavelengths, such as NIR and IR, that has a deeper depletion region than would be necessary...

A channel for communication with the source in an otherwise unidirectional network, such as a channel that provides...

In an optical waveguide, a mode whose field decays monotonically for a finite distance in the transverse direction but which...

1. A geometrical arrangement of two or more light beams for use in laser shows, object detection or other applications...

Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...

For each mode in an optical waveguide, the term used to describe the process by which an electromagnetic signal is distorted...

A type of multiple-pass amplifier in which no optical leakage is allowed until a finite number of passes has occurred; at...

A visual display used with a computer to give access to the many elements of data as an array of points. With the display...

Epitaxial deposition is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing and materials science to grow a thin crystalline...

A spectrophotometer in which the beam emitted by the radiation source is split into beams that travel through the sample and...

Technique for measuring the volume bulk of materials as they move along a conveyor with an accuracy of better than 1...

Although low in sensitivity (approximately 10-7 m for helium-neon lasers), this holographic technique permits quantitative...

A hologram produced by a pair of radiation beams, each carrying information.

In gradient index optics, a gradient profile in which the refractive index varies along the direction of light propagation,...

A heterochromatic photometric process using successive comparison of similar chromaticities and the calculation of relative...

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of...

A colorimeter is a device used to measure and quantify the color characteristics of an object or a light source. It provides...

Holographic quantity expressed as the ratio of the reconstructed first-order image to that of the incident reconstructing...

An instrument used to test lenses by utilizing the optical transfer function. It consists of a HeNe laser, a beamsplitter...

Camera Link HS (high speed) is a standard developed for high-speed digital data transmission in machine vision and...

Second-order nonlinear optical properties refer to a class of phenomena exhibited by certain materials in response to...

An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...

The use of two lasers as a master-slave pair in order to control frequency and prevent chirp. When light from the master is...

A group of lenses, or any combination of lenses, mirrors and prisms, so constructed as to refract or reflect light to...

Sets of paired lines carefully designed to give the most accurate pointing possible for various lengths of sight.

A high-speed shutter, similar to a Kerr cell, that uses the birefringence produced in a liquid during the passage of an...

A spectroradiometer is a device used to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths across the electromagnetic...

iris or adjustable radially symmetric opening used for allowing the passage of useful light

A plane (through the focal point) at right angles to the principal axis of a lens or mirror; that surface on which the best...

A solid with a structure that exhibits a basically symmetrical and geometrical arrangement. A crystal may already possess...

A form of liquid crystal in which flow does not take place in the usual manner. When examined with polarized light, the...

The process of grinding the toric surface of a single vision sphero-cylindrical lens.

Compilation of the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories that contains values of the line parameters of the 1-0 bands of...

A terahertz spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of materials in the terahertz...

Extraction of three-dimensional measurements from a stereo pair of photographs.

1. The ring patterns of light that seem to encircle particles in the field of a microscope. 2. See Newton's rings.

The field of view (FOV) refers to the extent of the observable world or the visible area that can be seen at any given...

Also known as gatling gun laser. A system that has an array of lasers sharing a common central axis on a rotating Fabry...

Seidel aberrations refer to a set of monochromatic aberrations in optical systems, named after the German mathematician and...

A compact optical projection system, mounted on or built into a helmet, and used to project data or a scene directly into...

A thin, stretched plastic membrane cemented to a rigid supporting ring. It may be coated to act as a beamsplitter, for...

The average intensity of a light source measured over all directions.

A numerical representation of the rate at which a material will exhibit dimensional changes as a direct result of changes in...

The amount of energy required to raise the energy level of an atom; a necessity if the atom is to radiate energy. High...

PCSEL stands for "photonic crystal surface-emitting laser." It refers to a type of laser diode that emits light from its...

Two oppositely charged particles.

An image that can be studied three-dimensionally through a pair of complementary color filters composed of two superimposed...

When, for example, a beam of monochromatic light passes through a diffraction grating, the emergent rays that have remained...

A package for electronic components that is suited for automated assembly into printed circuit boards. The DIP is...

A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...

With respect to the crystal, the decrease in energy that follows the process whereby the ions, separated from each other by...

An electron instrument used to reflect an electron beam totally.

In optics, the term image jump refers to a displacement or shift in the apparent position of an image when a change occurs...

Agents used for testing light sources and natural daylight with visual and instrumental assessment using a set of white...

An interferometer that functions by first detecting the light striking each aperture and then combining the two detector...

The ongoing expansion of the universe based on observations of the recession of distant galaxies from each other as...

Fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time it takes for a fluorophore, a molecule that absorbs light at one wavelength...

Brightfield refers to a type of microscopy and imaging technique in which the specimen is illuminated with a white light...

A thermoplastic or thermosetting material used to hold an object fixed and keep it from deterioration. In microcircuitry,...

The term perovskite refers to a specific crystal structure commonly found in various materials. Perovskite structures have a...

A polyethylene grating that transmits the long wavelengths and diffracts shorter wavelengths in controlled directions.

The third dimension (depth or Z-axis) in an imaging system.

A solid-state laser is a type of laser that uses a solid gain medium (as opposed to a liquid or gas) to produce coherent...

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures changes in hemoglobin...

A method of synthesis for crystals such as KTP. The process involves the use of a high-temperature solution called flux to...

Spectral flow cytometry is an advanced flow cytometry technique that expands the capabilities of traditional flow cytometry...

In vivo is a Latin term that translates to "within the living." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and...

Laser cavity bounded by a plane mirror and a concave spherical mirror with the plane mirror located at the center of...

Characteristic of an absorber in the IR region, whereby absorption increases as a direct function of the intensity of the...

Ion-beam sputtering (IBS) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used for depositing thin films onto substrates. It...

In chemistry, a device in which a chemical reaction takes place. In electronics, a device that introduces reactance into a...

A vacuum chamber is a sealed enclosure from which air and other gases are removed to create a low-pressure environment,...

A type of pyroelectric detector with favorable qualities of linearity, sensitivity and spectral responsivity used in FTIR...

In a laser diode, the photocurrent produced by a photodiode that detects the emission from the rear facet of the...

A type of glass used in telescope mirrors, formed by adding a nucleating agent to standard glass and then heating it until...

A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...

An alphanumeric display formed by a layer of liquid crystal material sandwiched between two sheets of glass; a transparent...

An otoscope is a medical device used by healthcare professionals, particularly ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists,...

A perfectly diffusing surface; the intensity of the light emanating in a given direction from any small surface component is...

A reticle carrying patterns of various forms that can be rotated in an optical beam to cause variations in the intensity of...

Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...

Left- and right-hand circularly polarized beams that are produced at different velocities by passing plane-polarized light...

Pertaining to the manner in which light is reflected, as by a mirror or speculum.

After putting a thick photographic emulsion on a front-faced mirror, and exposing the emulsion to monochromatic incident...

A type of mirage that creates a distorted vertical image of relatively flat objects so that they appear as mountains,...

Volumetric imaging refers to the capture, visualization, and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) information from a volume of...

A scintillation crystal, also known simply as a scintillator, is a material that emits light when it interacts with ionizing...

A precise telescope set on a pair of rotation axes, the horizontal and vertical axes equipped with two divided circles. One...

The induced birefringence in isotropic gases that results when the gases are placed in strong fields.

Light diffusion refers to the process by which light is scattered or spread out in various directions as it interacts with a...

Any integrated circuit that also makes use of one or more discrete components; frequently used to describe circuits that...

A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...

A Risley prism, also known as a Risley prism pair or Risley rotating prism, is an optical device used for controlling the...

1. A constituent part. It may consist of two or more parts cemented together, or with near and approximately matching...

A crystal capable of being polarized in the reverse direction when an electric field is applied.

A CCD that has been reduced in thickness by etching so that light passes through the back layers of the CCD. This type of...

A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...

A phase reflection scanner that eliminates the need for a complex translation device while maintaining a high-energy-density...

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a precision optics polishing technique used for shaping and finishing optical surfaces...

1. An optical device used for projection of enlarged images of transparencies or lantern slides on a screen. 2. A device...

A small handheld instrument consisting of a slit and collimator that feeds light into a small direct-vision dispersing...

A ground-based navigation beacon that emits pulsed signals which are picked up by aircraft making an instrument (blind)...

The rainbow exhibition of colors, usually caused by interference of light of different wavelengths reflected from...

1. The direct storage of data as bits in memory using optical systems and properties. The memory makes use of a laser beam...

Fluorescent proteins are proteins that exhibit the property of fluorescence, which is the ability to absorb light at a...

A hemispherical covering that is rotatable about a central axis. There is a slit opening along one side wide enough to allow...

Calorimetry is a branch of science that involves the measurement of heat flow in physical or chemical processes. It...

Application of radiation to an object.

Spectra that originate from atoms; they are composed of lines having irregular spacing and intensity.

A number that indicates the magnitude of the shift in a solid of positive and negative charges in opposite directions when a...

For a lens with an obscured or noncircular aperture, the focal length divided by the effective aperture.

An arc flash is a sudden release of electrical energy due to an electric arc — a continuous, high-current discharge of...

A transparent crystalline substance that displays the same optical properties (i.e. refractive index) in all directions such...

Also known as corner-cube reflector or retrodirective reflector. Three reflecting surfaces, perpendicular to each other,...

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) refers to a phenomenon in wave physics, particularly in optics, where waves, such as light or...

A wave in which energy is focused near a boundary separating materials having different properties. Propagation of the wave...

A GRIN (gradient index) lens is a type of optical lens that utilizes a gradient in refractive index across its volume rather...

An aerial reconnaissance system that can transmit, in near real time, image data recorded by IR and visual-spectrum sensors,...

The small central portion of the human retina that is responsible for providing the clearest, and most distinct aspects of...

The reversible change in the absorption spectrum of certain compounds upon irradiation with a given wavelength of light.

Diamond turning, also known as diamond machining or diamond cutting, is a precision machining process used to produce...

A lens or lens system that produces an enlarged virtual image of an object placed near its front focal point.

A photoanalytical instrument for analysis of jaundice conditions in infants that measures bilirubin (a breakdown product of...

A camera with a very high aperture lens or mirror system for photographing x-ray fluorescent screen images, mainly to save...

Two stars so close together that they cannot be resolved by telescopes. They are proved to be double stars by the doubling...

An intermolecular substance that serves to hold materials together. Two types are used in the optical industry: one, which...

A structure consisting of a thin film of liquid crystal sandwiched between light-polarizing filters that have received a...

The recording of the information contained in a modulated electron beam onto photographic or silicon resin-coated materials....

A reagent is a substance or compound that is used in a chemical reaction to bring about a specific transformation or to...

Direct conversion of a photon from one wavelength to a lower energy photon of another wavelength(s) due to inelastic...

A nonluminous area around a negatively charged probe that is inserted into the positive column of an arc or glow discharge.

A type of optical microscope that allows the specimen being viewed to be irradiated by ultraviolet, violet and occasionally...

A concave mirror that has the form of a paraboloid of revolution. The paraboloidal mirror may have only a portion of a...

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that is used to convert printed or handwritten text into...

A defect on or in an optical element that does not appreciably impair the function of the surface.

An instrument that uses electromagnetic fields to sort out the relative masses of atoms and molecules.The same way an...

A contour mapping technique that involves projection of a grating onto an object to produce a shadow grating that is...

The photographic recording that uses ultraviolet radiation to irradiate the microscope sample being examined and to form an...

A 2D profile sensor is a type of sensor used in various industrial and technological applications to measure and capture...

Convex is an adjective used to describe a surface or shape that curves outward, bulges, or has a rounded and outwardly...

The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...

An optical filter is a device that selectively transmits or blocks specific wavelengths, or colors, of light. Optical...

Ray tracing is a rendering technique used in computer graphics to simulate the way light interacts with objects in a scene....

A vacuum tube in which a magnetic field is superimposed onto the tube's electrical field. When the two fields are aligned,...

A null optic in the form of a concave spherical mirror; used for the test and evaluation of a hyperboloidal aspheric surface.

Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...

A quantitative measure of the amount of radiation given off by an instrument, expressed in roentgens per unit of free air.

In a birefringent material, the index of refraction varies with the direction of vibration of a lightwave. That direction...

The masking of all openings of an optical transform -- except the hole at the symmetrical center -- with a thin wire gauze...

The distortion of an object's true image as the result of abnormal atmospheric disturbances along the path traveled by the...

An acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Predecessor to the laser, the maser or...

Thin-film deposition equipment refers to machinery and tools used in the process of depositing thin layers of material onto...

Any systemic process that ultimately reassembles all the system's components into their initial alignment, or an arrangement...

The pattern of microwave field intensity that can be obtained by detecting the minute expansion of a microwave absorber slab...

A transmission or reflecting grating with a flat or plane surface requiring a lens or concave mirror to focus the spectrum.

A slicing and cutting machine is a type of equipment used to precisely cut or slice materials into smaller pieces or shapes....

A mixture of ionized gas and metal vapor generated by impingement of the laser beam onto a material being welded or a weld...

Laser ablation is a process that involves the removal or erosion of material from a target surface using laser energy. This...

Image displacement by a decentered lens, rotated on a chuck whose axis of rotation passes through the geometrical center of...

The Lorentz oscillator model is a theoretical model used in physics to describe the response of a charged particle (such as...

A device used to detect and measure small amounts of rotation. The rotating object contains a reflecting surface from which...

A device that is designed to modulate a beam of light, usually from a laser source, by acting upon the beam directly. The...

Point at which a laser's material gain is equal to, or greater than, the circuit losses.

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

A highly stable heavy-metal fluoride glass made from the fluorides of zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum and sodium.

An airspaced achromatic doublet telescope objective.

A term used to describe a photograph, film or television picture where the values for black and white areas are at or near...

An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...

A type of computer in which the electronic circuits, which process data serially, are replaced by photonic circuits capable...

A wide-angle lens is a type of camera lens that has a shorter focal length than a standard or normal lens, allowing it to...

1. Generally, an emulsion mask having a clean annular region in an otherwise opaque region. It is designed to eliminate...

A device employed to identify toxic agents lingering on the ground or in the air from up to three miles away, by using laser...

Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...

In a linear stage, any deviation from the desired translation across a flat, straight line.

Pushbroom scanning is a technique used in remote sensing and imaging systems, particularly in satellite and aerial sensors,...

The thin, transparent film made up of specific substances applied to glass-air surfaces for the purpose of decreasing the...

Nonlinear optical materials are substances that exhibit optical properties that are not linearly proportional to the...

Intensity of emission as a function of direction in a given plane.

A form of shearing interferometer that contains a simple wedged (plane-parallel) glass plate with a nonzero optical path...

Plasmon ion-assisted deposition (PIAD) is a technique used in thin-film deposition processes, particularly in the production...

A method of exciting a laser by coupling it directly to another laser.

Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...

Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique used to visualize biological processes within living organisms, typically in...

A method for remote measurement of the temperature of moving surfaces in harsh environments by using a laser to stimulate...

A photovoltaic device that consists of multiple p-n junctions to produce a greater efficiency when in use than that of...

A PN-PN device with incident light taking the place of gate current; three of the four semiconductor regions are available...

A prism invented by William Nicol in 1828 that is made of calcite, the end faces of which are ground to an angle of 68°...

A technique for depositing a material coating on metal, ceramic, semiconductor or polymer substrates. The interaction of...

Imaging radar that increases the sweep of its along-track (or azimuth) capacity by measuring not only the time delay of the...

A microscope used either to detect selective absorption of various wavelengths by the specimen or to achieve increased...

Continuous wave (CW) refers to a type of signal or transmission where the signal is constant and does not vary with time. In...

Also known as an optical diode, an optical isolator is a device that utilizes the Faraday effect to suppress or redirect...

The angular width of a radiation beam. With respect to a conical beam of light, it is the vertex angle of the cone. The...

With respect to photography, the law stating that the optical density of an exposed emulsion with standard development is a...

A reflector that exhibits specular reflectance, producing a direct image of its source. Also known as regular reflectance.

Generally, any radiation that can form ions, either directly or indirectly, while traveling through a substance.

Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

Aspect of vision permitting the observer to distinguish among stimuli by their hue, saturation, and brightness or lightness.

An image, real or virtual, whose spatial orientation is identical to that of the object. The image obtained at the retina...

An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains...

One or more thin-film layers of optical material deposited on a mirror blank/substrate in order to enhance the way that...

A coating made up of particular birefringent materials having polarizing properties. It may be used, in some cases, to...

Light produced by visible radiation that moves from the light source to the object without reflection. With respect to...

A quarter- or half-wave retarder made from two plates of quartz, mica or polymer with their fast axes crossed; the...

A wireless stereo imaging device used in conjunction with a monitor to produce a virtual interactive environment. Liquid...

Literally the opposite of resonance, antiresonance occurs when any variation in excitation frequency results in an increased...

A sapphire window refers to a transparent optical component made from sapphire crystal. Sapphire is a single-crystal form of...

Minimum object distance, often abbreviated as MOD, refers to the closest distance at which a camera lens or optical system...

An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...

A microscope that uses a flying spot scanner, directed through the eyepiece, as a light source to determine the features of...

1. That portion of the aperture that functions to collect energy and deliver it to the final system detector. 2. For an...

The parameters, relative to polarized light and the Poincaré sphere, that are usually represented as: I, the intensity of...

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...

1. The characteristic of how light propagates through a waveguide that can be designated by a radiation pattern in a plane...

A reference sphere used to represent all possible states of polarization. All linear polarizations will lie on the equator...

A system used for measuring direct solar radiation.

A wedge-shaped piece of quartz typically found in a polarimeter to monitor and rotate the plane of polarization of plane...

It is often necessary to estimate the value of what a pixel would be between neighboring pixels. This is accomplished by...

In optics, the Pockels effect refers to the phenomenon where the refractive index of a material changes in response to an...

A scanning technique in which the object is illuminated the entire time, and in which picture elements of the object are...

A fusion system conductor capable of carrying current in opposite directions in alternating time phases.

A camera used to reduce originals onto film for easy storage. There are two basic types: one in which the film is fixed...

A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...

A hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, meaning they have a strong affinity for...

1. The range of frequencies or wavelengths over which radiations are absorbed or emitted in a transition between a specific...

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a type of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that uses a high-power...

An instrument used to record the emittance or reflectance of an object by scanning with discrete spectral resolution over a...

A standard lens interface initially made for 16mm movie cameras and now used primarily on closed-circuit television cameras....

Condition in which a perpendicular surface can be discovered for every ray in a group. This condition is commonly observed...

Laser surgery refers to a medical procedure in which a laser, or focused beam of light, is used as a precision tool to cut,...

An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...

A bright spot or point, due to Fresnel diffraction, that appears at the center of the shadow of a circular object in light...

A waveguide with a rectangular cross section that is composed entirely of dielectric materials.

Holography is a technique used to capture and reconstruct three-dimensional images using the principles of interference and...

Ultrasonic refers to sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing, typically above...

Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where two or more particles become correlated to such an extent...

An old name for the rotating arm moving about an axis of rotation over a divided circle used to measure angles. Now the term...

An imaging device whose technology contributes three specific advantages: ability to study large solid specimens that...

A pair of telescopes with prismatically erected images, mounted side by side with the eyepieces at the interocular distance...

Unified notation for specification of reflectance in terms of both incident- and reflected-beam geometry; i.e., the ratio of...

A liquid crystal display using the material in its supertwisted nematic phase; the birefringence of the liquid crystal...

In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...

Low Earth orbit (LEO) refers to a region in space that is relatively close to Earth's surface, typically characterized by...

Infrared (IR) refers to the region of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths longer than those of visible light, but...

The active control of various aspects (optical element position, airspace thickness, etc.) of an optical system that...

Optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent strand or filament made of glass or plastic used for transmitting light...

The distribution of electromagnetic fields in a given area. The units are volts per meter, watts per meter squared and...

An ocular having two planoconvex lenses that are formed from similar glass and that are separated by a space equal to half...

A scanning process in which the greatest amount of radiation determines part of a spiral motion rotating in one direction.

Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...

A prism having several plane polished surfaces, some to transmit light, some to reflect light, and some to serve both...

Entirely analogous to color photography, but inclusive of light bands that do not appear in the visible spectrum.

A compound lens combination whose astigmatic difference is zero for one or more off-axis zones in the image plane. In such a...

An optical filter so constructed that the density increases progressively from one end to the other, or angularly around a...

Controlled beam technology that introduces beams of sunlight through holes in a roof that are relayed throughout the...

A group of solar cells that are electrically contacted and physically arranged so that they may be oriented in the direction...

1. To influence to a single direction. 2. Voltage that is applied to a solid-state device.

Refers to the voltage and current necessary for the operation of circuit devices.

A spectral signature, in the context of remote sensing and spectroscopy, refers to the unique pattern or characteristic...

A retroreflector is an optical device or structure that reflects incident light or electromagnetic waves back to their...

A measuring eyepiece with a screw-micrometer-driven crosshair used to measure the size of the image.

An optical interference coating, vacuum-deposited on a circular substrate, whose transmission characteristics may be varied...

On a test chart, the pattern designed to direct and measure geometric distortion.

A molecular motor refers to a nano-sized device composed of organic molecules or other small-scale components that can...

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to measure and analyze the optical...

An apochromat, often referred to as an apochromatic lens or apochromatic objective, is a type of optical system designed to...

A Dammann grating is a type of diffractive optical element (DOE) used to create an array of equally spaced,...

A method of producing an essentially constant output signal from an electronic circuit despite variations in the strength of...

Potential hazards to a system's application and installation, including temperature variations, chemical reactivity,...

1. The negative electrode of a device in an electrical circuit. 2. The positive electrode of a primary cell or storage...

A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...

A laser system consisting of a planar PN junction within a single crystal of gallium arsenide. The pair of parallel,...

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) technology that utilizes organic compounds to...

The method of acquiring characteristic x-ray spectra from microscopic samples by use of the combination of a scanning...

Term applied to radiation composed of particles or photons that will not easily penetrate a material because of their low...

A characteristic of optical fiber used to calculate the fiber's ability to maintain polarization. The beat length describes...

Polarization refers to the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave, such as light waves, radio waves, or other...

Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...

A means of achieving higher peak powers and more efficient harmonic generation by narrowing the pulse width and thus...

The analysis and measurement of celestial bodies, their motions and positions.

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

A polarizing prism formed from calcite that is like the Nicol prism but has the two parts divided by a thin air-film and cut...

A type of optical modulator with potential application in optical switching and displays, in which applied voltage causes a...

MWIR stands for mid-wave infrared, referring to a specific range of wavelengths within the infrared spectrum. Infrared...

Formulaic compensation to correct laser ranging data for the effects of horizontal refractivity gradients; it requires the...

Lens testing equipment refers to a range of specialized tools and instruments used to evaluate the optical performance,...

The property exhibited by certain birefringent crystals in which the degree with which they transmit polarized light is...

Dispersion refers to the phenomenon where different wavelengths (colors) of light travel at different speeds when passing...

A vacuum tube with an electron gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at the other. Electrons emitted from a heated...

The ratio between the object distance and the image distance measured along the principal axis of a lens or mirror. An...

An individual circuit component, complete in itself, such as a resistor, diode, capacitor or transistor. It is used as an...