A television format with enhanced vertical resolution (400 lines as compared with the standard 330) that, unlike high-definition television, can operate on existing bandwidths and with existing receivers.

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of...

Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...

An autocollimator is an optical instrument used for measuring small angular deviations with high precision. It operates on...

Broadband dielectric mirrors, also known as broadband mirrors, are optical coatings designed to efficiently reflect or...

Visible laser radiation, often optically expanded and collimated, used to induced temporary blindness from within a walking...

A condition during laser operation when laser output can no longer be increased by additional electric current.

Capability requirement for optical switches for transmission lines to process arbitrarily polarized light because of the...

A holographic camera, also known as a holographic imaging system or holographic recorder, is a specialized device used to...

A microdisplay is a miniature electronic display technology that is designed to project visual information onto a small...

In image processing, a morphology operator in which a structuring element or probe of a particular shape is moved over the...

Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a specialized optical fiber that features two concentric cladding layers surrounding a core. The...

A machine vision lens is a specialized optical lens designed for use in machine vision systems, which are used for automated...

A visual display used with a computer to give access to the many elements of data as an array of points. With the display...

A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby all the processing elements are operating under their own local...

A source of energy that produces needed excitation for population inversion in laser operation. The excitation source that...

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...

A surgical device used to deliver laser light. Specifically,contact tips are made with artificially grown sapphire which is...

A coupling unit that enables more than one transmitter to operate at the same time or separately on the same antenna.

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

Operation in which the minimum detectable signal is set because of variations in the average signal current; e.g., quantum...

A broadband filter is an electronic or electromagnetic device designed to pass a range of frequencies or signals within a...

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...

A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...

A photonic crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL) refers to a type of laser diode that emits light from its surface rather...

The optical Fourier transform is a mathematical operation applied to optical signals that involves transforming a spatial...

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful imaging instrument used in scientific research, materials...

GaN (gallium nitride) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers refer to a specific type of semiconductor laser based on Gallium...

A laser that generates a succession of pulses at a high enough repetition rate to appear continuous. The pump source is...

High power laser ablation device that by pulsed operation produces holes of controllable dimension on the scale of microns....

A distributed feedback laser (DFB laser) is a type of semiconductor laser diode designed to emit coherent, narrow-bandwidth...

A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...

An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...

An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...

A function used in a convolution filtering operation. The image to be filtered is convolved with the filtering kernel to...

The application of observed operational processes of sophisticated living organisms to mechanical and electrical systems in...

A cathode-ray tube that generates symbols for use in other displays. The tube operates by scanning specific characters on...

A type of glass optical fiber that provides low pulse dispersion over a broad portion of the light spectrum and as a result...

A polygonal mirror, also known as a multifaceted mirror or facet mirror, is a type of optical component used in various...

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...

Zone of laser operation in which the direct, reflected or scattered light exceeds the laser's MPE and (by ANSI standards)...

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

The current that flows in a photodetector when there is no optical radiation incident on the detector and operating voltages...

A ring laser gyroscope (RLG) is a type of gyroscope that uses laser light to detect and measure changes in orientation. It...

A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....

An electronic device consisting of a semiconductor material, generally germanium or silicon, and used for rectification,...

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...

An acronym of gamma ray amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. It is a gamma ray laser that operates between...

Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain...

A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...

Operation in which the dispersion of a pulse limits the distance between repeaters in optical systems. Waveguide and...

A set of algorithms used to study the structural and spatial characteristics of objects in a digitized image for...

Operates with light collectively emitted by the recombination of free electrons and ions in the plasma state.

An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...

The frequency domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to represent signals and data in terms of their...

The use of head-mounted displays and body-operated remote actuators to control distant machinery. Provides a virtual...

Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...

Any systemic process that ultimately reassembles all the system's components into their initial alignment, or an arrangement...

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...

Fiber optic cable that operates at the 1300-nm wavelength.

A computer circuit that supplies the action of problem-solving functions or operations.

A Pockels cell, also known as an electro-optic modulator, is an optical device used to control the polarization of light by...

Q-switched operation, or q-switching, is a technique used in lasers to produce short and intense pulses of light. The term...

Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...

The ability of a vision system to interpret an image in a short enough time to keep pace with most operations.

A MEMS fiber optic switch is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device designed to selectively route optical signals...

An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...

An image-enhancement technique in which each pixel is subjected to a mathematical operation that groups it with its nearest...

Characteristic of an acousto-optic modulator, defined by the overlap integral of the incident light and sound field...

A monitoring technique used to measure the oxygen saturation levels in the brains of patients, commonly in operating room...

A magnifying lens fitted with a battery-operated lamp by which an object can be conveniently illuminated during observation.

Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...

1. The characteristic of how light propagates through a waveguide that can be designated by a radiation pattern in a plane...

In image processing, mathematical operations that change spatial geometry, as for instance scaling, translating, rotating or...

A liquid crystal light valve (LCLV), also known as a spatial light modulator (SLM), is an optical device that modulates the...

The restricting aperture located at the front of the lens. It is usually defined as the maximum diameter of the entrance...

A crystal, glass, or quartz slicing and cutting machine is a specialized piece of equipment used in the manufacturing...

A network interface card (NIC), also known as a network adapter or LAN adapter, is a hardware component that allows...

Image processing operations performed on one area of an image.

A type of motion-picture camera in which single frames are photographed either automatically at a predetermined rate (as...

A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...

Pertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation...

A digital twin refers to a virtual representation or digital counterpart of a physical object, system, or process. This...

A spatial light modulator (SLM) is an optical device that modulates or manipulates the amplitude, phase, or polarization of...

Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...

A type of spectroscopy used extensively in the analysis of biological samples. Because most biologically synthesized...

Handheld optical laser device containing a semiconductor or DPSS source. The output is corrected via internal collimating...

Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of...

Laser optics refers to a broad category of optical components and systems designed for manipulating and controlling laser...

GigE, short for gigabit Ethernet, refers to a standard for high-speed Ethernet communication, capable of transmitting data...

A ring dye laser that uses prisms and a saturable absorber within the laser cavity to shape and shorten the pulses...

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...

Area in which laser operation occurs and therefore safety requirements are met and regulations are implemented. Lasers...

A signal, generated by an oscillator, that provides the means of synchronization of operations in a data communications...

Electromagnetic radiation present upon the open aperture of the source within an operating environment.

A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....

Micro-LED (micro-light-emitting diode) refers to a technology that involves the use of very small light-emitting diodes to...

A device that is fabricated in a single piece; A device (i.e. circuit) that is operated at a single frequency or a single...

A Peltier cooler, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or thermoelectric module, is a solid-state device that uses...

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

Gain-switching is a technique used in lasers to generate short pulses of light by modulating the gain of the laser medium....

Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a technology used in manufacturing processes, particularly in electronics, to...

A device, optical or electronic, that may be joined to a camera so that the operator may perceive the scene as the camera...

A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...

A flowmeter is a device used to measure the flow rate or quantity of a fluid passing through a particular point in a system....

A high-frequency pulse-rate laser with an output limited by the heat capacity of the laser medium. Instead of having...

Piezoelectric motion systems are mechanical systems that utilize piezoelectric materials to generate controlled motion or...

FMCW lidar stands for frequency-modulated continuous wave lidar. It is a type of lidar (light detection and ranging)...

A type of laser diode that operates at long pulsewidths.

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

A still camera with a shutter capable of opening for a time as short as a fraction of a microsecond. An electronically...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...

A crystalline material with a high electro-optic coefficient, capable of operating at short wavelengths, with applications...

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is an optical device used to measure the phase difference between two collimated beams of...

An InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) camera is a type of imaging device that utilizes InGaAs sensors to capture images in the...

An optical channel monitor (OCM) is a device used in optical communication systems to monitor and analyze the performance of...

An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...

The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...

Plates of glass containing as many heavy metal oxides as can be dissolved in the glass without causing devitrification. The...

A device having electrical resistance and used in an electric current for purposes of protection, operation or control of...

An assembly of prototype instruments, equipment and/or software designed to perform all the functions of a concept or idea...

A detector-Dewar assembly typically refers to a combination of a detector and a Dewar flask used in scientific instruments,...

A system that is complete and self-contained, needing no further additions to permit its operation.

3D Laser Triangulation - A technology that allows sensors to probe the surroundings. Laser triangulation systems have an...

Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...

A standard for fiber optic telecommunications interfaces, with a 1300-nm data link operating over single-mode fiber at data...

A light valve that uses a crystal as the control layer medium and that operates on the principle of the electro-optic effect.

Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

A waveguide is a physical structure or device that is designed to confine and guide electromagnetic waves, such as radio...

Computer numerically controlled (CNC) grinding is a manufacturing process that utilizes computerized controls and precision...

Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...

In fiber optics, the limitation on performance imposed by the system bandwidth rather than the amplitude of the signal.

Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...

A photon sieve is an optical device used in the field of optics and imaging. It's designed to focus and shape light,...

An imaging device analogous to a drum scanner, but operating at greater speeds; it uses a row of sensors to traverse an...

A superconducting bolometer, operating at very low temperatures, that is used to detect infrared radiation.

A laser rangefinder is a device that uses laser technology to measure the distance between the device and a target. It...

Multi-axis alignment refers to the process of aligning or adjusting components or systems in multiple spatial dimensions or...

The noise produced in a photodetector when the photocathode is shielded from all external optical radiation and operating...

A terahertz spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of materials in the terahertz...

The ability of a device to operate without electromagnetically interfering with the operation of nearby equipment and...

A method of reducing dark current in charge-coupled devices by holding all the clocks at negative voltage during the...

An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...

The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is an optical device used for measuring the wavefront aberrations of an optical system....

A semiconductor diode operating in either a coherent or incoherent mode that is used as a near-infrared or visible source in...

A spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the intensity of light at various wavelengths in the...

Mechanical device intended for the translation (rotational and linear) using high precision control from electronically...

The apparent luminosity or glow that immediately envelops the cathode in a gas-discharge tube operating at low pressures....

A thin-film device containing miniature optical components connected via optical waveguides on a transparent dielectric...

Also known as the Wiener spectrum or the noise power spectrum, the optical power spectrum is a fundamental quantity in...

The mathematical formula that proves that any linear operator for which the impulse is known can be wholly characterized...

A fiber optic component or system designed in such a way that it can be operated by people without specialized knowledge of...

A device that is designed to modulate a beam of light, usually from a laser source, by acting upon the beam directly. The...

A rapid change, as opposed to a long-term drift, of the emission wavelength of an optical source. Chirping is most often...

An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...

The operation of a laser diode or other component prior to its use in its intended application, as a means of testing and...

CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...

A fiber optic imaging bundle is a specialized optical device composed of multiple optical fibers bundled together. Each...

A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...

A mode of transmission whereby the sending and receiving stations operate continuously at a fixed relationship of phase and...

The material lost during a laser cutting or machining operation.

An etalon is an optical device that consists of two parallel reflecting surfaces separated by a precise and known distance....

A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...

An operate mode in which the sensor is programmed to perform a task such as generating output when the light level falls...

A variation of the atomic force microscope that operates by scanning a tiny ferromagnetic probe (or a magnetized tip) over a...

Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is a specialized instrument used in optical fiber communications to characterize...

Refers to the voltage and current necessary for the operation of circuit devices.

A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite characterized by its standardized size and modular design. CubeSats are...

The point spread function (PSF) is a fundamental concept in imaging that describes the response of an imaging system to a...

A device similar to distributed feedback lasers in construction and operation, but in which the period grating that produces...

Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...

An operational mode for radiometers that analogs the method of operation of an angstrom pyrheliometer. In this mode, the...

In optical communication systems, operations in which the amplitude of the pulses, as opposed to their width, determines the...

Wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm (VIS to NIR) are focused onto the retina by the cornea. Because the retina is sensitive...

Image enhancement operations that involve altering gray-scale values. For instance, brightness sliding involves adding or...

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...

A laser in which the transition involved in stimulated emission of radiation takes place between two levels of an ionized...

In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...

Means of determining the relative motion of a (seismic) mass or acceleration body from a stable laser operated system.

I/O stands for input/output. In computing, it refers to the communication between a computer system or program and its...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

The use of a reflective device, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials including gases, solids, dyes, aerosols,...

An Er:YAG laser is a type of solid-state laser that uses a crystal made of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet...

A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...

An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...

An electric arc that is formed in mercury vapor through which an electric current flows. The intensity of the illumination...

A linear positioning stage, also known as a linear stage or translation stage, is a precision mechanical device used to...

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...

The study and photographing of microscope specimens in ultraviolet light; using an optical microscope containing fluorite...

In image processing, a morphology operator in which a structuring element or probe of a particular shape is moved over the...

Camera Link HS (high speed) is a standard developed for high-speed digital data transmission in machine vision and...

Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...

In image processing, any operation that strengthens information about the edges of objects displayed. Three types of spatial...

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are substances or compounds used to enhance the thermal conductivity between two surfaces...

A nitrogen vacancy (NV) refers to a specific type of defect or impurity in a crystal lattice where a nitrogen atom replaces...

In fiber optic communications systems, generally one that operates between 1000 and 1700 nm.

Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) refers to a specific range of UV radiation that has disinfectant properties capable of killing...

The use of a small ultrastable master oscillator (a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser) to achieve single-frequency operation of a...

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...

The restricting opening at the rear of a lens or prism that is commonly defined as the maximum diameter of the emergent cone...

Operation in which the minimum detectable signal has its limits set by the thermal noise of the detector, the load...

In data communications, the simultaneous operation of a circuit in both directions is known as full duplex; if only one...

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

A semiconductor laser that operates in the infrared and that is pumped with strong pulses of radiation from a second laser....

An electronic flash tube capable of repeated operation at hundreds or thousands of flashes per second for long periods.

Optofluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from optics and fluidics to create devices and systems...

An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a semiconductor device that emits infrared light when an electric current...

The present radiation level within a laser or electromagnetic radiation operating area.

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...

A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating that is produced using holographic recording techniques. It consists...

A series of capacitors and inductors connected to the flashlamp in a pumped Nd:YAG laser system in order to regulate the...

A small television tube originally developed for closed-circuit television. It is about 1 inch in diameter and 5 inches...

When applied to LCD grids, the active matrix is a means of supplying power to pixels by use of a transistor and capacitor....

Lens testing equipment refers to a range of specialized tools and instruments used to evaluate the optical performance,...

A thermal-infrared camera, often referred to simply as a thermal camera, is a type of imaging device that detects infrared...

Calorimetry is a branch of science that involves the measurement of heat flow in physical or chemical processes. It...

Graphic evaluation of the operation of a steam thermodynamic cycle of a solar energy system on which enthalpy is plotted...

1. A piece of glass with plane parallel surfaces used to admit light into an optical system and to exclude dirt and...

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot onboard. UAVs are remotely...

A retroreflector is an optical device or structure that reflects incident light or electromagnetic waves back to their...

An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...

A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...

In optics, an octave typically refers to a range of frequencies or wavelengths that spans a factor of 2. In other words,...

Sapphire refers to a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that is used in various optical and photonic applications...

A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. It can detect...

The use of photoelectric sensors to detect and measure the intensity of a light source. This application, as compared to...

Essentially, a hologram of a hologram, in which the first-generation hologram is masked with a narrow slit. During image...

Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...

A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...

A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....

A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

A microcomb, short for microresonator frequency comb, is a novel photonic device that generates a precise series of evenly...

The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...

A molecular motor refers to a nano-sized device composed of organic molecules or other small-scale components that can...

A photosensitive device used to optically scan and read character data (numbers, letters etc.) and input this data into a...

Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...

Infrared optics refer to optical components and systems designed to manipulate and control infrared (IR) light, which lies...

An optical barcode reader, commonly known as a barcode scanner, is a device that uses optical technology to capture and...

In computerized industrial process control, the element that determines the choice and sequence of operations dependent on...

The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...

A corner cube, also known as a corner reflector or retroreflector prism, is a type of optical device used to reflect light...

Device that operates by interaction of incident radiation with semiconductor based material in order to produce an...

Triggering a laser at a predetermined time by pumping it to a level just below its threshold and then using an auxiliary...

A special-purpose camera used by ophthalmologists to photograph the retina of the eye. The optical system operates through...

A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...

Photonic crystals are artificial structures or materials designed to manipulate and control the flow of light in a manner...

A photodiode detector is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It operates based on the...

Optical fiber capable of operating at both a shorter and a longer wavelength.

The limitation on performance imposed by the distortion of a received signal rather than its amplitude or power.

Free-space optics (FSO), also known as optical wireless communication or optical wireless networking, refers to the...

Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...

In image processing, the assigning of certain portions (or pixels) of an image a constant value of either 0 (black) or 1...

Defines the minimum operational standards for a self-sustaining fusion reactor as equivalence between energy released per...

Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...

A diffraction grating is an optical component consisting of a surface with a periodic structure of equally spaced, parallel...

In optics, degreasers or ultrasonic arrangements used for removing pitch, cement or polishing material from lenses during...

An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...

In a laser, the voltage necessary to sustain a constant operating current, somewhat less than that needed for start-up.

A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...

The term "metaverse" refers to a collective virtual shared space, created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical...