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chemical Dictionary Terms

laser-mediated gene transfer
Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...
cell
1. A single unit in a device for changing radiant energy to electrical energy or for controlling current flow in a circuit....
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry and physics to study vibrational, rotational, and other...
remote active spectrometer
A device employed to identify toxic agents lingering on the ground or in the air from up to three miles away, by using laser...
latent image
The pattern of physical or chemical changes that has taken place in a photographic emulsion, by its exposure to light, that...
optofluidics
Optofluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from optics and fluidics to create devices and systems...
fluoro-immunosensor
A fiber optic device that uses a HeNe laser, beamsplitter, monochromator and photomultiplier to detect trace levels of...
ablative photodecomposition
Ablation applied to polymers and chemical solids. Process of material removal that minimizes edge damage but will not heat...
functional material
Functional materials refer to materials that possess specific properties or functionalities that make them suitable for...
rare-earth elements
Rare-earth elements (REEs) are a group of seventeen chemical elements found in the Earth's crust, characterized by their...
actinic focus
That point in the electromagnetic spectrum at which an optical system focuses the most chemically effective rays.
substrate
A substrate refers to a material or surface upon which another material or process is applied or deposited. In various...
free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...
halide
In chemistry, a halide refers to a chemical compound containing one or more halogen atoms bonded to another element. The...
reflective spectroscopy
Reflectance spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the reflective properties of materials across various wavelengths of...
fluorescence
Fluorescence is a type of luminescence, which is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other...
cold atom
Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...
lab-on-a-chip
A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a miniaturized device that integrates various laboratory functions and capabilities onto a single,...
fluorescence lifetime
Fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time it takes for a fluorophore, a molecule that absorbs light at one wavelength...
diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a nondestructive analytical technique used to investigate the optical properties...
spectrophotometer
A spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the intensity of light at various wavelengths in the...
near-infrared spectrometer
A near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the absorption, transmission, or reflection...
bacteriorhodopsin
A light-harvesting protein found in the purple membrane of a micro-organism called Halobacterium halobium. The protein...
carbonization
Carbonization is a process in which organic materials are heated in the absence of air, leading to the decomposition of the...
polymer
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...
modified chemical vapor deposition
Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) is a technique used in the fabrication of optical fibers. It is a specialized form...
mid-infrared camera
A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...
attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy
Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...
metamerism
In colorimetry, the phenomenon in which spectrally different radiations produce the same color sensation for a given...
physisorption
A type of adsorption in which the adsorbed layer is attached to the adsorbent surface by an attractive force between the...
heat treating
The process of subjecting glass to temperature cycling to produce physico-chemical reactions that alter its properties....
protective coating
A film applied to a coated or uncoated optical surface primarily for protecting this surface from mechanical abrasion, from...
tip-enhanced Raman scattering
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...
gallium nitride
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...
photobiomodulation
A light therapy that utilizes nonionizing light sources, including lasers, LEDs, and broadband light, in the visible and...
camera
A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...
phenotype
In biology, particularly genetics and evolutionary biology, the phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits...
epitaxy
A well controlled thin films technique for growing films with good crystal structure in ultra high vacuum environments at...
fused quartz and silica
Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...
cross-linked plastic
Plastic in which the polymer chains become irreversibly joined during molding. The cross-linking can be achieved by heating,...
sputtering equipment
Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
laser isotope separation
A process of isolation of various atom vapor ions by means of tuning a laser source. For example, laser enrichment is...
chemosphere
Also known as mesosphere. A level of the atmosphere, extending from the stratosphere to the ionosphere, that is noted for...
reactor
In chemistry, a device in which a chemical reaction takes place. In electronics, a device that introduces reactance into a...
infrared spectroscopy
The measurement of the ability of matter to absorb, transmit or reflect infrared radiation and the relating of the resultant...
actinic radiation
Electromagnetic energy that is capable of producing photochemical activity.
laser annealing
Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically...
flame photometer
Any of a number of instruments that uses a flame to vaporize a solution of the chemical being analyzed so that light may be...
electrolysis
Conduction of an electric current through a chemical compound in its natural state, solution or as a molten, to decompose...
chemical actinometer
A light-sensitive detector having a chemical compound that reacts when exposed to light. It is used in photochemistry and...
chemisorption
The binding of gas to a surface or in matter by chemical activity.
polyethylene
A material used to jacket fiber optic cables. It is chemical- and moisture-resistant, but not fire-resistant.
chromatography
The chemical method of separating compounds dissolved in one phase (usually mobile) through its equilibration with a second...
metabolic imaging
Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...
curing
The use of chemicals or radiation to induce a desired change in a substance; e.g., some optical adhesives are set by...
diamondlike carbon film
A very hard, highly transparent coating based on forms of carbon, used to protect optical components from abrasion and...
surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that enhances the Raman scattering signal of...
nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy
A chemical detection technique used to measure molecules that have a magnetic dipole moment. The analysis is directed to...
attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry to obtain IR spectra of samples....
atomic absorption spectrometer
An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...
vibrational transition
A vibrational transition refers to a change in the vibrational energy of a molecule. Molecules consist of atoms that are...
phototoxicity
Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...
microbubble resonator
A microbubble resonator is a device used in photonics and optical physics for the precise manipulation of light waves. It...
axial vapor-phase deposition
A vapor-phase oxidation process for fabricating graded-index optical fibers. It differs from outside vapor phase deposition...
ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
A technique for measuring the energy spectrum of electrons emitted during the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. This...
laser-induced fluorescence
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique that combines the principles of Raman spectroscopy...
holographic microscopy
The holographic recording of a microscopic specimen whereby magnification is achieved by alteration in a wavelength or...
reactive evaporation
Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...
self-luminous light source
Any material that derives its energy from chemically or electrically induced reactions; isotope or radium excitation is used...
hyperchromic shift
Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...
electrochemistry
The study of the reversible conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Electroplating is an electrochemical...
laser ablation
Laser ablation is a process that involves the removal or erosion of material from a target surface using laser energy. This...
phosphor
A chemical substance that exhibits fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet radiation, x-rays or an electron beam. The...
autopositive
Any photographic medium that, when chemically developed, produces an exact photographic reproduction of the original.
mass spectrometry
An instrumental technique that utilizes the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles as recorded from a mass spectrometer...
silicon carbide light-emitting diodes
Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...
electroforming process
An electrochemical process of metal fabrication using an electrolyte, an anode to supply the metal, and a control of the...
histochemical staining
Histochemical staining is a laboratory technique used in biology and medicine to visualize specific chemical components...
darkening
The formation of a dark-colored film on a metal surface by chemical activity.
microcomb
A microcomb, short for microresonator frequency comb, is a novel photonic device that generates a precise series of evenly...
spectrochemical equipment
Equipment used for chemical analysis by investigation of the spectra formed and observed in chemical activity. Of particular...
fluorophore
A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...
photochemical
The term photochemical pertains to chemical processes or reactions that are initiated or influenced by the absorption of...
near-infrared spectroscopy
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive analytical technique that uses the near-infrared region of the...
chemical vapor deposition equipment
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...
integrated photonics
Integrated photonics is a field of study and technology that involves the integration of optical components, such as lasers,...
quantum cascade laser
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....
near-field scanning optical microscope
A scanning probe microscope that analyzes the surface of a specimen by recording the intensity of light as it is focused...
photoresist
Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...
custom lapping and polishing services
Custom lapping and polishing services involve specialized processes used to improve the surface finish and dimensional...
photochemistry
The study of chemical reactions stimulated by the properties of light.
luminescence
Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...
simultaneous exposure and development
The process, used with a positive photoresist, in which the photoresist is immersed in developing chemicals while being...
metallorganic chemical vapor deposition
A method of growing single crystals in which atoms and molecules from gaseous organic compounds interact and form a layer on...
enantiomer
A molecule that is the mirror image of another molecule. The two mirror-image molecules have the same chemical properties;...
optical materials
Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...
fiber optic sensor
A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...
perovskite
The term perovskite refers to a specific crystal structure commonly found in various materials. Perovskite structures have a...
thin-film deposition equipment
Thin-film deposition equipment refers to machinery and tools used in the process of depositing thin layers of material onto...
optical glass
Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...
sapphire window
A sapphire window refers to a transparent optical component made from sapphire crystal. Sapphire is a single-crystal form of...
developer
A chemical solution that changes the silver salts (latent image) of exposed photographic film into black metallic silver...
flame photometry
A part of the spectrochemical analysis of a sample that deals with the excitation of that sample by flame analysis.
photodynamic inactivation
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...
sapphire
Sapphire refers to a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that is used in various optical and photonic applications...
holography
Holography is a technique used to capture and reconstruct three-dimensional images using the principles of interference and...
FTIR spectrometer
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...
monomer
A molecule that has the ability to chemically combine with other molecules to form a polymer, hence being capable of being...
mounting cement
An adhesive used to hold optical components in their mounts. It may be a thermoplastic or chemical-hardening substance.
GRIN lens
A GRIN (gradient index) lens is a type of optical lens that utilizes a gradient in refractive index across its volume rather...
photolithography
Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...
photoelectron microscopy
Surface analysis by means of photon induced electron emission. PEM methods provide high lateral resolution of the observed...
chemiluminescence
A chemical reaction involving the production of light. The reaction of ethylene with ozone is chemiluminescent.
fiber optic preform
A fiber optic preform is a cylindrical glass rod or tube used as the starting material for manufacturing optical fibers. It...
optical cements and adhesive
Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...
photochromic
Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...
atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
The analysis of fluorescence emitted by discrete atoms, in flames, that have absorbed radiation from an external source. It...
actinometer
A device that measures the intensity of photochemically active radiation, particularly from the sun. One form of this...
photochromatic compound
A chemical compound that exhibits a reversible change in its absorption spectrum upon irradiation with given wavelengths of...
flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...
chemical laser
A laser that relies on chemical activity instead of electrical energy to produce the pumping action necessary to form pulses...
plasmonics
Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...
microfluidics
Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the manipulation and control of very small fluid volumes, typically...
electroless plating
The deposition of a metallic coating, usually nickel, on a component by chemical means rather than by electroplating; the...
epitaxial deposition
Epitaxial deposition is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing and materials science to grow a thin crystalline...
tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
A spectroscopic technique that combines the high chemical specificity of Raman scattering and signal sensitivity provided by...
bleach (or bleacher)
A chemical used in the developing of positive photographs that incites oxidation and thereby dissolves the negative silver...
crystal
A solid with a structure that exhibits a basically symmetrical and geometrical arrangement. A crystal may already possess...
halogen
Any of the five elements astatine, chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine, grouped because their chemical properties are...
photochemical detector
An instrument used to detect and measure radiant energy by the formation of a chemical reaction.
hyperspectral resolution
Hyperspectral resolution refers to the level of detail or granularity in the spectral information captured by a...
radioactivity detector
An instrument used to detect radioactive materials: alpha particles or helium nuclei; beta particles or free electrons; and...
optical ceramics
Transparent glassy and or crystalline structured materials engineered from inorganic, non-metallic materials via various...
thin-film coating
Thin-film coatings are layers of material applied to the surface of an object or substrate, typically to modify its optical,...
active transport
The transport of molecules in a cell which requires the use of a cell's internal energy. The energy used in the cell may be...
chemical vapor deposition
Chemical vapor deposition is a process of applying dopants to a glass bait by flame reactions of gaseous compounds. See also...
Bunsen-Roscoe law
The law stating that the amount of chemical change produced is proportional to the amount of light absorbed. Actually, the...
stoichiometry
The determination of what, how much and in what proportions chemicals must be combined to produce the desired reactions and...
photobleaching
Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...
actinism
The creation of a chemical reaction in a substance when radiation is directed to it.
photomultiplier tube
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...
noble gas
A monatomic, chemically inert gas such as argon, neon, krypton and xenon.
calorimetry
Calorimetry is a branch of science that involves the measurement of heat flow in physical or chemical processes. It...
einstein
A unit of energy equal to the amount of energy absorbed by one molecule of material undergoing a photochemical reaction, as...
laser photochemistry
The study concerned with the stimulation of chemical activity by laser light as a result of the absorption of photons by a...
leaching
The process of removing some of the constituents of a glass surface by chemical action.
plasmon ion-assisted deposition
Plasmon ion-assisted deposition (PIAD) is a technique used in thin-film deposition processes, particularly in the production...
optical coatings
Optical coatings are thin layers of materials applied to optical components, such as lenses, mirrors, filters, and prisms,...
sputtering target
A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
metal arc
The electrical arc formed between metal rods that emits the spectrum of the metal itself. Commonly used in the chemical...
fluorescence lifetime imaging
Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is an advanced imaging technique that provides information about the lifetime of...
photochemical hole burning
A method of producing disks for erasable optical data storage. Information is recorded by a laser beam that generates pits...
aptamer
An aptamer is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that can bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity...
overcoat
A layer of material applied to a coated surface to protect it from physical or chemical action.
sapphire optical fiber
Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...
environmental parameters
Potential hazards to a system's application and installation, including temperature variations, chemical reactivity,...
Van der Waals
Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...
laser-induced cut and patch
A process used in the design, repair and customization of integrated circuits. A low-power laser etches a silicon wafer...
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A method of studying the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules (typically living tissue and chemical...
coupler
1. In color development, the chemical that combines with certain by-products of the development procedure to form a dye. 2....
fluorescence decay system
A device, also called a fluorescence lifetime instrument, that measures decay curves of fluorescing samples. It generally...
InGaAs photodiode
An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...
photoimmunotherapy
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a medical treatment approach that combines elements of phototherapy and immunotherapy to target...
flow chemistry
Flow chemistry, also known as continuous-flow chemistry, is a chemical manufacturing process where reactions take place in a...
photopolymer
A polymer produced as a result of photochemical processes.
photonic crystals
Photonic crystals are artificial structures or materials designed to manipulate and control the flow of light in a manner...
ultraviolet fiber optics
Ultraviolet (UV) fiber optics refers to optical fibers that are designed and optimized for the transmission of ultraviolet...
actinochemistry
The study of chemical changes produced by radiation.
voltaic cell
An electric cell having two electrodes of unlike metals immersed in a solution that chemically affects one or both of them,...
plasma chemical vapor deposition
The use of a plasma to induce the formation of oxides in the production of graded-index optical fibers.
free radicals
Short-lived molecular or atomic particles, with an unpaired electron, that play an important part in many photochemical...
chemical-mechanical polishing
A technique for polishing silicon in which an alkaline suspension containing silicon dioxide particles creates a soft layer...
two-photon polymerization
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...
gas laser
One of the first lasers to find practical application. Generally, the pumping mechanism is an electric discharge, although...
well plate
A well plate, also known as a microplate or microtiter plate, is a flat plate with multiple small wells or depressions...
reagent
A reagent is a substance or compound that is used in a chemical reaction to bring about a specific transformation or to...
organometallic chemical vapor deposition
transparency
An image affixed to a transparent photographic film or plate by photographic, printing or chemical methods. It may be viewed...
electron-beam lithography system
An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...
adsorption indicator
A chemical placed in a solution that will indicate when an excess of a substance or ion has been reached by coloring the...
near-infrared camera
A near-infrared (NIR) camera is an imaging device designed to capture images in the near-infrared region of the...
nanotube
A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...
refractive index liquids
A closely spaced series of well-known chemicals having a refractive index lying between 1.33 for water and 1.95 for a...
lithography
Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...
atomic force microscope
An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...
metabolite
A metabolite is any small molecule that is a product of metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within living...
chemical microscopy
The field of microscopy as applied to chemical problems and analysis.
photolysis
The photochemical reaction of light present in the decomposition of a substance.
deep ultraviolet
Deep ultraviolet (DUV or deep-UV) refers to a specific range of ultraviolet light with shorter wavelengths than those in the...
direct laser interference patterning
Also called DLIP, a high-speed, high-resolution processing technique that uses high-power, pulsed laser systems to directly...
infrared lens
An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...

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