Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures changes in hemoglobin concentration in the brain. It utilizes near-infrared light to penetrate the scalp and skull and monitor the changes in blood...

An isotope of cesium that emits negative beta particles and has a half-life of 2.19 years; its applications include...

Structural color refers to coloration in materials that is not caused by pigments or dyes but is instead a result of the...

A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...

The study of the optical properties of living tissue. Increased understanding of the behavior of light in this varied,...

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) refers to a phenomenon in wave physics, particularly in optics, where waves, such as light or...

An antigen is any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response in an organism. Antigens are typically proteins...

A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...

A micro-ring resonator is a compact optical device that utilizes the resonant behavior of light within a small ring-shaped...

Second-order nonlinear optical properties refer to a class of phenomena exhibited by certain materials in response to...

Topological photonics is a branch of physics and optics that explores the application of topological concepts to the...

A biomarker, short for biological marker, refers to a measurable and quantifiable indicator of a biological condition,...

That part of the science involved in the study of the theory and interpretation of spectra that uses the unique...

An electromagnon is a quasiparticle excitation that combines aspects of both magnetism and electric polarization in a...

Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...

A frequency comb is a precise and regular series of equally spaced spectral lines, or frequencies, that are generated with...

Neuromorphic refers to the design and development of computing systems or devices that are inspired by the structure and...

Dewetting is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where a thin film or coating spontaneously undergoes a process of...

Time-lapse optical coherence tomography (OCT) refers to a medical imaging technique that captures a series of sequential OCT...

Nonlinear optical materials are substances that exhibit optical properties that are not linearly proportional to the...

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) refers to a set of safety features and technologies designed to assist drivers in...

A development aimed at extending the life of a tungsten filament. The iodine vapor in the lamp envelope combines with the...

Oleophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or resist oils. The word oleophobic comes from the...

A solar simulator is a device used to replicate the spectrum and intensity of sunlight in a controlled environment for...

Metrology is the science and practice of measurement. It encompasses the theoretical and practical aspects of measurement,...

Supercontinuum refers to a broad spectrum of light that spans a wide range of wavelengths, typically from the visible to the...

Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or materials that have an affinity for water. The word hydrophilic comes...

Machine vision, also known as computer vision or computer sight, refers to the technology that enables machines, typically...

The development of a transverse electric field in a solid material when it carries an electric current and is placed in a...

An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...

A holographic camera, also known as a holographic imaging system or holographic recorder, is a specialized device used to...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

A type of recording material, usually a photodielectric polymer, offering in situ development mechanisms because of its...

Optoacoustic, or photoacoustic, refers to a phenomenon and related techniques that involve the generation of acoustic waves...

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for high-resolution, in vivo imaging...

Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...

Integrated photonics is a field of study and technology that involves the integration of optical components, such as lasers,...

Computer vision enables computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual data, such as images and videos. It...

Functional materials refer to materials that possess specific properties or functionalities that make them suitable for...

Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...

Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...

Freeform mirrors refer to reflective optical components that deviate from traditional symmetric or rotationally symmetric...

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a manufacturing process that builds three-dimensional objects...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

Quantum-enhanced metrology refers to the use of quantum mechanics principles and techniques to enhance the precision and...

Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique used to visualize biological processes within living organisms, typically in...

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...

The process, used with a positive photoresist, in which the photoresist is immersed in developing chemicals while being...

Inertial fusion energy (IFE) refers to a proposed method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy released from...

Remote sensing is a method of data collection and observation where information about objects, areas, or phenomena on...

Photonic crystals are artificial structures or materials designed to manipulate and control the flow of light in a manner...

Optofluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from optics and fluidics to create devices and systems...

Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...

Sapphire refers to a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that is used in various optical and photonic applications...

Filoviruses are a family of viruses that are responsible for severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and...

A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite characterized by its standardized size and modular design. CubeSats are...

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...

Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...

Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is a technique used in laser physics to amplify ultrashort laser pulses to high energies...

Astronomical detector consisting of a photocathode isolated from the target by a coin value from which electrons are focused...

A television camera tube that preceded the development of the vidicon tube and incorporated a method to separate reflected...

Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development of algorithms and...

With respect to photography, the law stating that the optical density of an exposed emulsion with standard development is a...

Micro-optics refers to the design, fabrication, and application of optical components and systems at a microscale level....

A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...

Primarily the measurement of photographic sensitivity of certain materials such as photographic film. It refers to the...

Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...

Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...

Ellipsometry is an optical technique used to characterize the properties of thin films and surfaces. It is based on the...

An optical testing instrument is a device or system used to evaluate and measure the performance, quality, and...

A short term for latent image intensification, a process much like hypersensitizing in photography, but used after exposure...

Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...

Thin-film deposition equipment refers to machinery and tools used in the process of depositing thin layers of material onto...

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyes and visual system....

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...

A mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO) is a type of electronic test instrument that combines the capabilities of both a...

A digital twin refers to a virtual representation or digital counterpart of a physical object, system, or process. This...

Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...

Developing a photographic image by means of an applied electric field. The methods used include electrolysis and...

In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from...

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

The study of the effects of light on the growth and development of various plants.

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are ordinary cells that are genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like...

Optical design software refers to specialized computer programs used by optical engineers, physicists, and designers to...

Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...

A pathogen is a biological agent, such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite, that causes disease in its...

The Weissenberg method, named after the German physicist Karl Weissenberg, is a technique used in x-ray crystallography for...

Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...

Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...

Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...

Lidar, short for light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and...

A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...

Holography is a technique used to capture and reconstruct three-dimensional images using the principles of interference and...

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for detecting antigens or haptens in cells of a tissue section by using labeled...

Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...

Low-insertion-loss fiber coupler fabricated from a sheet of light-sensitive material laminated onto a fused quartz substrate...

Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

In biology, particularly genetics and evolutionary biology, the phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits...

A flexible display refers to a type of electronic visual display that is designed to be bendable, foldable, or rollable,...

A process and method by which manipulation and orientation of a given number of directed laser beams decreases the motion of...

Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...

The Casimir force is a quantum phenomenon that results in an attractive force between two closely spaced uncharged...

1. In color development, the chemical that combines with certain by-products of the development procedure to form a dye. 2....

A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...

Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...