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exposure Dictionary Terms

film platen
A mechanism in a camera designed to position the film in the focal plane for exposure.
classification duration
For a laser, the maximum exposure time that the laser design allows; 0.25 seconds for a Class 2 laser.
characteristic curve
A graph used in photography to portray the increase of a film's density as its time of exposure increases.
photostore
The photographic recording of data, in binary form, for storage in memory. Exposure is achieved by a cathode-ray tube or by...
light meter
Any device that is used to sense and measure light. See exposure meter; photoelectric exposure meter; photoelectric...
phase hologram
A hologram that is formed on a recording medium by changing the phase of the illuminating wave in correspondence with the...
area scan
Area scan, in the context of imaging and cameras, refers to a method of capturing an entire two-dimensional image in a...
bracketing
In photography, the technique of taking multiple pictures of the same subject at different exposures to compensate for...
double-exposure holography
The formation of an interferogram by means of two holograms on the same recording medium, often used for determining small...
hyperchromic shift
Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...
step-and-repeat camera
A type of camera that has scales or other arrangements by which successive exposures can be lined up and equally spaced on a...
photomask
A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in...
Hurter-Driffield curve
A plotted relation between Log E (logarithm to base 10 of exposure in metercandle seconds) and density (logarithm to base 10...
incident light meter
An exposure meter designed to measure the light striking an object and used at a suitable location in a scene.
infrared photoconductor
A photoconductor that demonstrates increased conductivity during its exposure to infrared radiation.
Clayden effect
The desensitization of the first photographic exposure after it has been subjected to high-intensity radiation.
sandwich holography
The simultaneous exposure of two holographic plates with emulsions facing the object. After deformation, a second pair of...
line-scan camera
A line-scan camera, also known as a line-scan image sensor or linear array camera, is a type of digital camera designed to...
ionization chamber
A closed vessel with electrodes of different potentials that is used to determine how much ionization took place in a gas...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
photocurrent
The current that flows through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
spectral response
Measure of a detector's signal during exposure to radiation of a constant power level and varying wavelength.
adjacency effect
With respect to photography, the change in the density-exposure relations, for small details of the photographic image, that...
optical cements and adhesive
Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...
photographic exposure
The product of exposure time and irradiance or illuminance.
ultraviolet reflectance
Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...
erythema
Localized redness of skin due to congestion of capillaries; a common result of overexposure to laser radiation.
threshold test
In laser damage testing, the exposure of many sites of a sample to different intensities of laser irradiation to discover...
simultaneous exposure and development
The process, used with a positive photoresist, in which the photoresist is immersed in developing chemicals while being...
proximity effect
The underexposure caused by the diffraction of light passing through small openings spaced closely together in masks used in...
electronic shutter
A mechanical shutter that has had its timing escapement replaced with an electronic timing circuit. This circuit allows a...
copper oxide photocell
An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...
magneto-optic shutter
A type of high-speed photographic shutter that uses Faraday rotation to produce exposure times as fast as 1 microsecond. It...
flash sensitometer
A sensitometer that utilizes an electronic flashtube or a photoflash lamp as both the light source and the shutter for...
photographic sensitometry
The measurement of the responsivity of photographic media and of the relations between exposure and density of developed...
solar simulator
A solar simulator is a device used to replicate the spectrum and intensity of sunlight in a controlled environment for...
modulated grating hologram
A computer-generated, phase-and-amplitude, off-axis hologram made by a multi-exposure technique that uses three computer...
silicon monoxide
A material used as a protective layer on an aluminized or silvered mirror. It is evaporated on the mirror as a thin layer,...
hypersensitizing
With respect to photography, the process used to increase the effective speed of an emulsion between manufacture and...
pulsed radiance
The integral of the radiance over exposure time.
ballistic camera
A camera that uses multiple exposures to record the trajectory of an ordnance from a ground-level position.
phototoxicity
Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...
limiting aperture
The maximum circular area over which radiance and radiant exposure can be averaged.
photobleaching
Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...
photopolymerization
A process in which a mixture of one or more monomers, plus a catalyst, polymerize under exposure to light radiation....
photochromic
Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...
curing
The use of chemicals or radiation to induce a desired change in a substance; e.g., some optical adhesives are set by...
sensitometer
An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...
integrated energy
Also known as integrated exposure. A measurement of light from sources that vary rapidly with time, defined as the integral...
photographic shutter efficiency
A measure of the total light passed by a shutter during an exposure, compared with the light that could be passed by an...
spot meter
A telescopic light-sensing meter used to measure illumination levels of small regions at a distance of many feet; it is used...
luminescence
Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...
exposure index
A measure of film speed sensitivity to light.
phototheodolite
A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...
inefficient shutter
A shutter in which the opening and closing times for a large aperture setting occupy a substantial fraction of the total...
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
high-speed radiography
A method of producing x-ray exposures as short as 0.03 µs; the primary application is in ballistic radiography.
camera
A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...
dark frame
A frame taken to identify electronic noise in a CCD imaging device. A dark frame is recorded without exposing the CCD to any...
high dynamic range
High dynamic range (HDR) refers to a technology that allows for a broader and more dynamic range of luminosity in visual...
laser damage threshold
The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...
silicon carbide light-emitting diodes
Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...
backscatter
Backscatter refers to the phenomenon in which radiation or waves are scattered backward, opposite to the direction of the...
cine camera
A camera capable of making successive exposures on a continuous film driven by accurately spaced sprocket holes (a motion...
electron-beam lithography system
An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
photoresist
Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...
image storage panel
A modified form of an image-retaining panel that can be used in subdued daylight. This is achieved by adding a layer of zinc...
latensification
A short term for latent image intensification, a process much like hypersensitizing in photography, but used after exposure...
phase mask
In optics and photolithography, a phase mask refers to a device that modifies the phase of light waves passing through it....
quantum sensing
Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...
printer
A photographic enlarger with a fixed negative plane and a fixed paper plane, often using a roll of paper that is advanced...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
multiple lens camera
A camera that uses a rotating mirror to project sequential images onto lenses that are arranged in an arc. The reflected...
exposure
In optics, the total radiant energy incident on a surface-per-unit area. It is equal to the integral over time of the...
lithography
Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...
exposure meter
An instrument used to measure the light from a scene to be photographed and to indicate the camera lens and shutter settings...
fluence
Fluence is a term used in various scientific and technical disciplines to describe the amount of something per unit area....
exposure time
The length of time during which the receiver is irradiated.
fluorochrome
The combination of the organic dye in a stained specimen and the antibodies produced that is detected by exposure to light.
image quality
A measure of the closeness with which an optical image is capable of resembling the original object. The factors that affect...
luminance meter
A type of photometer calibrated in luminance units (candles per square unit, or lamberts). In photography an exposure meter...
auto-iris lens
A device for automatic exposure control in which a motor-driven diaphragm adjusts the aperture in response to a signal from...
rolling shutter artifacts
Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...
eye-safe laser operation
Wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm (VIS to NIR) are focused onto the retina by the cornea. Because the retina is sensitive...
nominal ocular hazard distance
The calculated normal distance from a photon source at which harmful interaction with the incident light will occur....
transversely excited atmosphere carbon dioxide laser
Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...
speckle imaging
A technique for obtaining improved resolution of images produced by large telescopes and distorted by the effects of...
lux-second
SI unit of light exposure.
phosphorography
A process used in pyrometry and photothermometry to create a photographic record of a surface's temperature gradients....
pulsed sandwich holography
Separation of incident laser pulses by several seconds so holographic plates can be changed and sandwiched between the...
digital camera
A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...
reflected light meter
An exposure meter that indicates the amount of light reflected from the subject of interest.
CMOS camera
A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...
Debot effect
The conversion of an internal latent image into a surface latent image through exposure to infrared radiation. The converse...
microfilm camera
A camera used to reduce originals onto film for easy storage. There are two basic types: one in which the film is fixed...
image intensifier
An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...
dark decay
The decay of an electrostatic charge image resulting from long exposure to the dark.
masks for evaporation/deposition
In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...
camera shutter
An apparatus, designed for use with a camera, that is used to rapidly open the path from lens to film, to maintain the...
cesium-antimonide photocathode
A photocathode that exhibits maximum sensitivity in the blue and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. The sensitivity is...
absorption hologram
A hologram formed when the light of the illuminating beam is absorbed in correspondence with the recording exposure. In...
rotary camera
A camera system used for microphotography that has a structure, such as a cylinder or surveyor belt, to rotate the documents...
Becquerel effect
The intensification of a latent image, because of exposure to light to which the emulsion is otherwise insensitive.
negative ghost
A ghost image that has the reverse lightness relations of the original image. This phenomenon is a common optical illusion...
germicidal UV
Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) refers to a specific range of UV radiation that has disinfectant properties capable of killing...
sapphire optical fiber
Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...
Sabattier effect
The reversal of a developed image due to the exposure of the partially developed image to actinic light.
Herschel effect
The decrease in effect in developable density on a photographic plate formed by a second exposure to radiation having a...
sonoluminescence
The luminescence of a substance resulting from its exposure to ultrasonic waves.
optical glass
Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...
Hertz effect
The ionization and spark emission due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
bias frame
A frame taken with a CCD camera over an exposure length of zero seconds with the lens cap on or the shutter closed and no...
sensitometry
Primarily the measurement of photographic sensitivity of certain materials such as photographic film. It refers to the...
photoelectric exposure meter
A device consisting of a microammeter, a photovoltaic cell and a battery. It is used for the measurement of scene brightness...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
reciprocity law
With respect to photography, the law stating that the optical density of an exposed emulsion with standard development is a...
extinction meter
A type of exposure meter that artificially reduces the light admitted in a sequence of known fractions until a value is...
film plane
The site behind the lens system in a camera where photographic media are positioned for exposure.
phototherapy
Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...
laser painting
Extended period exposure photographs of a laser light created with various patterns within full image (laser graffiti).
motion picture camera
A camera equipped with a lens and a long length of perforated film, the latter being moved intermittently between exposures...
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
latent image
The pattern of physical or chemical changes that has taken place in a photographic emulsion, by its exposure to light, that...
time-averaged holographic interferometry
Multiple exposures of holograms, one for each position of a vibrating image, that are used for vibration analysis and that...
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
rotating prism camera
A camera, with a rotating prism, that is capable of forming multiple exposures on a constantly moving strip of film.
filter factor
The necessary increase of a photograph's exposure time as the result of the additional absorption of light by the filter...
radiant exposure
maximum permissable exposure
The maximum level of laser radiation that a person may be exposed to without adverse biological effects.
lenticular color photography
A type of additive color photography using a lenticular structure impressed on a film base and a camera lens with a filter...
near-field holography
A lithography method that allows the transfer of fine-pitch gratings from a phase mask into photoresist. The exposure takes...
overexposure
The improper exposure of a radiation-sensitive medium that results when there is too much radiation exposing the medium, or...
flash radiography
A technique used in radiography to obtain an unblurred image of a moving object by the use of very short x-ray exposures,...
piecewise interferometry
An interferometric technique for the generation of precision gratings that allows for sequential exposure of small segments...
photolithography
Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...
dosimeter
A device used to detect and measure the quantity of exposure to nuclear or x-ray radiation, and dependent on the fact that...
fatigue
The decrease of a component's efficiency, or a reduction in a material's light sensitivity, as the result of accumulated...
glass dosimeter
A device that detects and measures the quantity of exposure to nuclear radiation. It uses a special glass rod that...

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