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Michelson-Morley experiment
An optical experiment carried out conclusively in 1887 that demonstrated that the ether, a hypothetical medium postulated by...
holographic cinematography
A technique used to create a series of interrelated holographic images that give an appearance of motion when projected in...
parallax
The optical phenomenon that causes relative motion between two objects when the eyepoint is moved laterally. When parallax...
gyroscope
A gyroscope is a mechanical device consisting of a spinning disk or wheel mounted on a spinning axis in such a way that its...
pistoning
Motion of a fiber into and out of the ferrule. This effect is often caused by changes in temperature.
flat machine
A polishing machine designed to permit adjustment of the polisher speed and motion for the control of flat surfaces.
rotary camera
A camera system used for microphotography that has a structure, such as a cylinder or surveyor belt, to rotate the documents...
Petzval lens
A high-speed, narrow-field lens consisting of two achromats spaced about the aperture stop. Its uses include portrait...
movement parallax
The visual phenomenon of the apparent difference in the rate of motion of two objects that are actually moving at the same...
panoramic camera
A camera designed to form a continuous record of an expansive section of the horizon. The typical panoramic camera is...
phototheodolite
A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...
sequence camera
A type of motion-picture camera in which single frames are photographed either automatically at a predetermined rate (as...
exciter lamp
A small incandescent lamp whose intense beam is focused on the optical soundtrack of a motion picture film. The soundtrack...
lattice
In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...
micromanipulator
A device that provides means for accurately moving minuscule tools over the surface of a microscopic object. The motion...
helical scanning
A method used in facsimile scanning that sweeps the elemental area across the copy in a spiral motion as the result of the...
organic light-emitting diode
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) technology that utilizes organic compounds to...
quantum confinement
Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...
spiral scanning
A scanning process in which the greatest amount of radiation determines part of a spiral motion rotating in one direction.
aeolight
A glow discharge lamp consisting of a cold cathode and a mixture of inert gases. The intensity of illumination varies with...
servomotor
A type of motor that acts as the control element in a servomechanism. It is powered by an amplifier circuit and drives the...
arcuate displacement
Displacement in a direction perpendicular to that of the intended displacement, as in a translation stage with simple...
telescope mount
The base used to hold an astronomical telescope. It may be either altazimuth, with horizontal and vertical axes of rotation,...
electronics
That branch of science involved in the study and utilization of the motion, emissions and behaviors of currents of...
astrometry
The analysis and measurement of celestial bodies, their motions and positions.
wobble
In micropositioning systems, motion (most frequently undesired) about the Z-axis.
frequency
With reference to electromagnetic radiation, the number of crests of waves that pass a fixed point in a given unit of time,...
photon correlation spectroscopy
Spectroscopy used to study the concentration, diffusion and Brownian motion of small particles suspended in a fluid by...
pushbroom scanning
Pushbroom scanning is a technique used in remote sensing and imaging systems, particularly in satellite and aerial sensors,...
image motion compensation
The active control of various aspects (optical element position, airspace thickness, etc.) of an optical system that...
stop-motion camera
A motion-picture camera that can be advanced one frame at a time, either randomly or at set intervals. Used in animation and...
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
spot meter
A telescopic light-sensing meter used to measure illumination levels of small regions at a distance of many feet; it is used...
saccadic motion
The movement of the eye as it focuses on details of a scene. Some imaging systems mimic this movement by small, rapid...
motion picture camera
A camera equipped with a lens and a long length of perforated film, the latter being moved intermittently between exposures...
stroke pattern
The pattern formed by a character generation cathode-ray tube system, in which the characters are composed of a sequence of...
frames per second
The number of separate images exposed by a cine camera in a second or the number illuminated by a cine projector in a...
cine camera
A camera capable of making successive exposures on a continuous film driven by accurately spaced sprocket holes (a motion...
accelerometer
An accelerometer is a sensor or transducer that measures the rate of change of velocity of an object, or in simpler terms,...
mean solar time
One of two types of solar time - the other being apparent solar time - the mean solar time is the time measured by the...
impedance
Qualitatively, the inverse of the amount of velocity produced by the application of a sinusoidal force to a system;...
backlash
In a mechanical system, any lost motion between driving and driven elements due to clearance between parts.
Bernoulli terms
Mathematical definition for the changes that occur between potential and kinetic energy. These formulas express wave motion.
magnetic fluid
A fluid having three components: a carrier fluid, magnetite particles suspended by Brownian motion and a stabilizer to...
beam deflection tube
An electron-beam tube in which the current to an output electrode is regulated by the transverse motion of the tube's...
event-based sensor
An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...
Crayford focuser
A high-quality focuser that uses rollers rather than gears and offers smooth, precise motion while reducing or eliminating...
micro-robotics
Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...
rolling shutter artifacts
Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...
piezo-optical transducer
A structure consisting of a thin film of liquid crystal sandwiched between light-polarizing filters that have received a...
Brownian motion
The behavior of microscopic solid particles suspended in a fluid, first observed by botanist Robert Brown in 1827 as a...
frame rate
Frame rate refers to the frequency at which consecutive images, or frames, are displayed in a video sequence. It is...
cathode-ray tube pattern
The luminous trace formed on the cathode-ray tube screen by the motion of the electron beam.
de Broglie wavelength
The concept of the de Broglie wavelength exploits the wave-particle duality of quantum physics by associating all matter (of...
neuromorphic vision sensor
A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...
resonance
Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...
area scan
Area scan, in the context of imaging and cameras, refers to a method of capturing an entire two-dimensional image in a...
stiction
In positioning, the friction that prevents immediate motion when force is first applied to a body or surface at rest.
astronomical scintillation
Any irregular motion, variation in intensity or change in color that arises because of atmospheric turbulence during the...
computer vision
Computer vision enables computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual data, such as images and videos. It...
air bearing
A support device in which a column or chamber of air permits the free travel of a mobile part. In optical mounting and...
xenon arc
The arc formed when the rare gas xenon is excited electrically and emits a brilliant white light. Xenon is used to fill...
tracking accuracy
Measurement of a translation stage's deviation from absolute straightness, that is, its angular motion in both the vertical...
Babinet compensator
A device containing two opposed quartz wedges of equal angle, one wedge being movable along its length by a micrometer...
polarization
Polarization refers to the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave, such as light waves, radio waves, or other...
integram
A reflection hologram using multiple color lasers that integrates various graphical techniques to allow the display of...
absorption peak
An absorption peak refers to a sharp increase or spike in the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at a particular...
kinematics
That portion of physics concerned with motion in the abstract, such as of points or space figures, and separated from its...
gyroscopic camera mount
A mount that uses a floating suspension and a motor-driven gyroscope to keep a motion picture or still camera at a set angle...
galvanometric scanner
A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...
tomography
Technique that defocuses activity from surrounding planes by means of the relative motions at the point of interest.
virtual reality
Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment or experience that can be...
anamorphic
A term used to denote a difference in magnification along mutually perpendicular meridians. Anamorphic systems are basically...
molecular motor
A molecular motor refers to a nano-sized device composed of organic molecules or other small-scale components that can...
tracking system
A controlled motion system that may use a telescope, camera or antenna to follow accurately a satellite, missile, vehicle or...
attosecond photonics sources
Attosecond photonics sources refer to devices or systems that generate extremely short pulses of light on the order of...
degrees of freedom
The number of unique ways in which a part can move in an alignment system. In static alignment, there are six: one in the...
photomicrographic camera
A still or motion-picture camera designed to photograph through a microscope. Photomicrographic equipment usually contains a...
attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy
Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...
multiple lens camera
A camera that uses a rotating mirror to project sequential images onto lenses that are arranged in an arc. The reflected...
image quality
A measure of the closeness with which an optical image is capable of resembling the original object. The factors that affect...
functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures changes in hemoglobin...
nanopositioning
Nanopositioning refers to the precise and controlled movement or manipulation of objects or components at the nanometer...
internet of things
The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...
motion controller
In optics, a motion controller refers to a device or system that precisely controls the movement of optical components, such...
film weld
The butt (edge to edge) splice of two pieces of film produced by a heat splicer that melts the edges together; used in...
biometrics
Biometrics refers to the automated recognition of individuals based on their physiological or behavioral characteristics....
computer-generated holographic scanner
A phase reflection scanner that eliminates the need for a complex translation device while maintaining a high-energy-density...
line scan
Line scan refers to a method of capturing images or data by scanning a single line at a time, as opposed to capturing the...
thermal radiation
The emission of radiant energy in which the energy emitted originates in the thermal motion of the atoms or molecules of the...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
stepper motor
A positioning drive that rotates a fraction of a 360° turn when the motor coils are activated, resulting in linear or...
photochemical
The term photochemical pertains to chemical processes or reactions that are initiated or influenced by the absorption of...
autoguider
A CCD sensor that provides feedback to the motion control system for a telescope, allowing the telescope to follow a...
Babinet-Jamin compensator
A Babinet compensator that contains the controlled motion of one prism with respect to the other. This idea was introduced...
infrared light-emitting diode
An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a semiconductor device that emits infrared light when an electric current...
dynamic stare sensor
A type of mosaic detector array that combines features of scanning and staring sensors by using a small rapid scanning...
cold atom
Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...
photobiomodulation
A light therapy that utilizes nonionizing light sources, including lasers, LEDs, and broadband light, in the visible and...
frame
1. To center an image or place it in any part of the television screen desired. Also applies to stills. 2. A single image of...
piezoelectric motion systems
Piezoelectric motion systems are mechanical systems that utilize piezoelectric materials to generate controlled motion or...
laser gravimeter
Means of determining the relative motion of a (seismic) mass or acceleration body from a stable laser operated system.
plasma accelerator
A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...
optical encoder
A device designed to measure linear or rotary motion by detection of the movement of markings on a transparent medium past a...
Doppler effect
The effect produced on a wave frequency because of the relative motion of a source or an observer. The radiation emitted...
free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...
cinematography
The technique of making motion pictures.
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
Casimir force
The Casimir force is a quantum phenomenon that results in an attractive force between two closely spaced uncharged...
Bose-Einstein condensate
A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...
phonon
A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...
electron cyclotron maser
A maser that relies on the fact that electrons in orbital motion in high-magnetic fields will emit energy at the cyclotron...
indium gallium arsenide camera
An InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) camera is a type of imaging device that utilizes InGaAs sensors to capture images in the...
quantum well
A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...
laser cooling
A process and method by which manipulation and orientation of a given number of directed laser beams decreases the motion of...
rotary actuator
A precision positioning device used to produce rotary motion.
heliostat
A device having a plane mirror so mounted that it can be set to reflect sunlight into a piece of laboratory equipment. It is...
optical noise
Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...
drift scan
An astronomical scanning technique for capturing images of stars without moving the sensor. To perform a drift scan, a CCD...
vibrational transition
A vibrational transition refers to a change in the vibrational energy of a molecule. Molecules consist of atoms that are...
astronomical photography
The use of photographs to record astronomical objects and phenomena for purposes of physical observation and measurement of...
apparent movement
The visual perception of motion when fixed stimuli are exposed in rapid temporal and spatial succession.
linear positioning stage
A linear positioning stage, also known as a linear stage or translation stage, is a precision mechanical device used to...
analytical photography
The use of photographs -- motion picture or still -- to establish if a particular event exists.
fluorescence decay system
A device, also called a fluorescence lifetime instrument, that measures decay curves of fluorescing samples. It generally...
near-field walk
In a laser diode, lateral motion of the beam center at the facet when the drive current is changed.
fiber optic gyroscope
A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...
coudé
A set of mirrors along a telescope's polar axis designed to redirect light to a fixed position without being affected by the...
motion sensing
Capacity of a vision system to capture an image of an object in motion and to resolve the direction and speed of that motion.
laser velocimeter
A system that uses a continuous-wave laser to measure the velocity of an object by focusing the laser beam on the object,...

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