Also known as HCS, an analytical method designed to collect statistically relevant amounts of quantitative data on many parallel cell populations or processes within cells through the combination of microtiterplates, high-resolution imaging,...

The process of subjecting glass to temperature cycling to produce physico-chemical reactions that alter its properties....

Gram-positive bacteria are a group of bacteria that have a thick cell wall composed primarily of a substance called...

A filter that polarizes light passing through it. It is possible to fabricate sheets of plastic or gelatin that contain...

A microscope that allows examination of a small crystal and conveniently provides linearly polarized object and reference...

A beam shaper is an optical device or system designed to modify the spatial profile or intensity distribution of a laser or...

A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....

A crystalline semiconductor alloy used as the light confinement layer in both single- and double-heterostructure diode...

A laser system consisting of a planar PN junction within a single crystal of gallium arsenide. The pair of parallel,...

A telescope objective with excellent spherochromatic correction, consisting of a meniscus crown and a meniscus flint, both...

An infrared detector that achieves a specified sensitivity through the application of certain cryogenic temperatures.

The plot that expresses a reaction rate vs. the reciprocal of absolute temperature. Often used to describe the thermal...

The restricting opening at the rear of a lens or prism that is commonly defined as the maximum diameter of the emergent cone...

The entrance slit, also known simply as the slit, is an essential component in optical instruments such as spectrometers and...

1. In the eye, the opening in the iris that permits light to pass and be focused on the retina. 2. In a lens, the image of...

A small bulb containing a conducting gas, an arc being formed between a metal ring and a tiny zirconium electrode near the...

Metal used in components of the crystalline semiconductor alloys indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), indium gallium arsenide...

An opening or hole through which radiation or matter may pass.

Laser peening is a surface enhancement technique used to improve the mechanical properties of materials, particularly...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...

A lens with one surface convex and the other concave, the latter having the greater curvature. It also is known as a...

A hologram in which the image of an object, or the object itself, is located near the hologram recording plane, for optimum...

An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...

The process of grinding the convex surface of a convexo-concave meniscus.

Supercontinuum refers to a broad spectrum of light that spans a wide range of wavelengths, typically from the visible to the...

Chalcogenide refers to a class of compounds containing elements from group 16 of the periodic table, which includes sulfur...

A shutter in which the opening and closing times for a large aperture setting occupy a substantial fraction of the total...

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are substances or compounds used to enhance the thermal conductivity between two surfaces...

The masking of all openings of an optical transform -- except the hole at the symmetrical center -- with a thin wire gauze...

1. A term used to describe the clouded appearance of an incompletely polished surface that scatters light. 2. The...

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

A still camera with a shutter capable of opening for a time as short as a fraction of a microsecond. An electronically...

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

An eyepiece similar to the Huygenian eyepiece, but having an eye lens that is a cemented doublet and that provides more...

A device used in the sputtering of thin films, in which a magnet system on the back of the cathode deflects the electrons,...

A telescope with an ellipsoidal secondary concave mirror that reflects rays from a parabolic primary mirror through an...

The science of sensing and measuring information at some remote location and transmitting the data to a convenient location...

The broadening of spectral lines due to the collision of radiating particles with one another and the resulting interruption...

A photographic objective that uses the thick meniscus principle to obtain its power. It is designed to photograph small...

A thin-film photoconductive cell that is sensitive to the infrared region. The photosensitive material of the cell is...

Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...

A system in which a supplied signal causes the deflection of the electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, thus forming a visible...

Short wavelength infrared (SWIR) refers to the portion of the infrared spectrum that encompasses wavelengths roughly between...

In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from...

A cryogenic cooler device that is an intermittent Joule-Thomson refrigerator with a passive radiator serving as the...

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry to obtain IR spectra of samples....

In infrared imaging systems used for mass screening of printed circuit boards or other quality control applications, an...

A technique used in photolithography of computer chips to compensate for errors caused by the proximity effect, which...

A detector-Dewar assembly typically refers to a combination of a detector and a Dewar flask used in scientific instruments,...

A dark red opaque material that is transparent to the infrared beyond 1 µm.

See periscopic lens; rapid rectilinear lens.

Medical lasers are devices that produce intense beams of light with specific characteristics and properties, which are used...

The darkening of the laser facet of a semiconductor laser diode. It can be prevented by placing the component in a...

A meniscus that is often fitted before a camera lens to permit focusing on near objects.

A surface heat-treating process that produces a highly stressed surface. In case-hardening of glass, a plate of glass is...

The ratio of reflected flux to incident flux. Unless otherwise specified, the total reflectance is meant; it is sometimes...

An anastigmatic lens with a thick meniscus construction that flattens the field and corrects chromatic and spherical...

Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...

An InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) camera is a type of imaging device that utilizes InGaAs sensors to capture images in the...

A center-opening shutter made up of several identical leaves that are mounted symmetrically around the optical axis of the...

The slits in a spectrograph that form images of spectral lines. Slits may be bilateral or unilateral, and generally close...

A Q-switch method that can result in extreme pulse shortening.

A pair of telescopes with prismatically erected images, mounted side by side with the eyepieces at the interocular distance...

Observed lengthening in wavelengths of the optical absorption edge of a semiconductor with the application of an electric...

A cryogenically cooled component incorporated into the Dewar of an infrared detector assembly to maintain the sensing...

The equivalent f number of a fictitious lens that has a circular opening and 100 percent transmittance, which would give the...

A visual, single-unit spectrophotometer with a biprism and a Wollaston prism. The Wollaston prism polarizes coincident...

Observed phenomenon of a small developed image with higher density than a larger image because of variation in photographic...

In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...

Spectrum broadening that results from the influence of an electric field.

The process of grinding the concave surface of a single-vision spherical lens.

An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...

The spreading of potentially equal radiation frequencies that results in broadening of the spectral line. This effect is...

In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...

An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a semiconductor device that emits infrared light when an electric current...

A camera designed to form a continuous record of an expansive section of the horizon. The typical panoramic camera is...

The halo phenomenon of a brightly colored arc having the colors of the rainbow and lying parallel to the horizon.

A vacuum pump in which pressure is reduced by condensing gases on surfaces cryogenically cooled to about 20 K (liquid...

The broadening of a laser's line width in a way that affects every atom (or molecule), and thus the whole system, in the...

A photon sieve is an optical device used in the field of optics and imaging. It's designed to focus and shape light,...

A microcircuit whose passive components consist of a ceramic-metal combination deposited on a given substrate by screening...

An adhesive used to hold optical components in their mounts. It may be a thermoplastic or chemical-hardening substance.

A semiconductor made up of two or more elements, in contrast to those composed of a single element such as germanium or...

A series of permanent holograms in dichromated gelatin formed by opening total page-composer apertures and setting a point...

Successive layering of resistive, dielectric and conductive inks on a substrate by a type of screening process.

A hemispherical covering that is rotatable about a central axis. There is a slit opening along one side wide enough to allow...

An ocular having two planoconvex lenses that are formed from similar glass and that are separated by a space equal to half...

A blackbody source, often simply referred to as a blackbody, is a theoretical or practical physical object that absorbs all...

A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...

Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...

A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...

Two simple meniscus lenses arranged symmetrically on either side of the aperture stop, providing reduced coma, lateral color...

An imaging process in which the single opening of a simple pinhole camera is replaced with many openings called,...

A photoconductive cell consisting of a layer of selenium on a substrate whose electrical resistance varies with the...

A plane mirror mounted on a polar axis that lies parallel to the plane of the mirror. When the mirror is rotated once in 48...

Spectra can be conveniently recorded on photographic film or plates. The portions that are occupied by regions of the...

Agents used for testing light sources and natural daylight with visual and instrumental assessment using a set of white...

Holmium lasers are a type of medical laser that utilizes holmium-doped crystals as the gain medium. The term holmium laser...

An optical instrument designed to displace the line of sight in a vertical direction. For submarines and other military uses...

Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that occurs when an intense laser beam passes through a...

A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a miniaturized device that integrates various laboratory functions and capabilities onto a single,...

A heterochromatic photometric process using successive comparison of similar chromaticities and the calculation of relative...

A biomarker, short for biological marker, refers to a measurable and quantifiable indicator of a biological condition,...

A quantum dot is a nanoscale semiconductor structure, typically composed of materials like cadmium selenide or indium...

A hollow sphere coated internally with a white diffusing material and provided with openings for incident beam, specimen and...

Referring to compound semiconductor materials combining one element that has three valence electrons with one or more that...

A near-infrared (NIR) camera is an imaging device designed to capture images in the near-infrared region of the...

An angstrom, symbolized by the Ångström or Å, is a unit of length used to express atomic and molecular...

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and...

Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) is a semiconductor alloy composed of gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), and phosphorus (P). It...

A double meniscus system in which two achromatized meniscus lenses are arranged symmetrically on either side of the aperture...

A magnifying lens fitted with a battery-operated lamp by which an object can be conveniently illuminated during observation.

1. In the geometric sense, an abbreviation for the term "sagitta,'' the height of a curve measured from the chord. ...

A double-surfaced catadioptric spherical mirror whose spherical first surface consists of a negative meniscus (concave) lens...

Terahertz (THz) refers to a unit of frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, denoting waves with frequencies between 0.1...

In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...

A narrow channel created by cleaving a crystal made of alternating layers of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide,...

As a wavefront of light passes by an opaque edge or through an opening, secondary weaker wavefronts are generated,...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for detecting antigens or haptens in cells of a tissue section by using labeled...

Broadening of a spectrum that results from the influence of a magnetic field.

Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...

A Huygenian eyepiece containing a pointer at its focal plane that is used -- when viewing an object through the eyepiece --...

A colorimeter is a device used to measure and quantify the color characteristics of an object or a light source. It provides...

In morphological image processing, a series of erosions followed by the same number of dilations.

A method of producing disks for erasable optical data storage. Information is recorded by a laser beam that generates pits...

Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by the presence of suspended particles. These...

Glass that has been treated by the case-hardening process.

A phage, short for bacteriophage, is a type of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. Phages are composed of...

A negative powered lens with one surface convex and the other concave, the latter having the greater curvature. It also is...

A device used to measure the speed of light by adjusting the rotation of a toothed wheel so that light passing through one...

A solar cell that is lightweight and flexible because of its construction by vacuum deposition of a semiconductor material...

A phosphor, such as sulfide or selenide, that can be excited to luminescence by incident infrared radiation simultaneous to...

An infrared imaging device composed of a detector array and readout electronics. It may include a cryogenic cooling system....

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

A device used to measure the opening time of a shutter. The most common devices depend on the charging or discharging of an...

iris or adjustable radially symmetric opening used for allowing the passage of useful light

A converging lens with one convex and one concave surface.

A well plate, also known as a microplate or microtiter plate, is a flat plate with multiple small wells or depressions...

A device designed to concentrate and direct a light source by enclosing the source in it and using a concave reflector to...

A well-corrected flat-field eyepiece with good eye relief. Similar to a Huygenian.

Broadening of a laser's spectral linewidth when the resonance frequencies of the atoms (or molecules) of the medium are not...

Photoconductive antenna (PCA) is a semiconductor element that generates or detects high-frequency electromagnetic signals....

Ink used for writing on glass, and also for blackening the edges of lenses to prevent reflection. In the latter case, the...

The science and technology applied to the creation of low temperatures (i.e., approaching absolute zero).

The range of materials that, unlike glass, may be used in the infrared. Water-soluble salts, such as cesium iodide, and...

Referring to compound semiconductor materials combining one element with two valence electrons and one or more with six....

An apparatus, designed for use with a camera, that is used to rapidly open the path from lens to film, to maintain the...

An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...

The underexposure caused by the diffraction of light passing through small openings spaced closely together in masks used in...

A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite characterized by its standardized size and modular design. CubeSats are...

A telescope that is fixed or has a limited degree of movement in a vertical plane; primarily used to determine the position...

A lens with one concave surface and one convex surface; synonymous with meniscus.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect changes in blood volume in tissues. It...

The effect that the optical losses in a medium can grow when the medium is irradiated with light at certain wavelengths.

Infrared optics refer to optical components and systems designed to manipulate and control infrared (IR) light, which lies...

The formation of a dark-colored film on a metal surface by chemical activity.

A measure of the optical path length for light traveling from the sun or other celestial source through Earth's atmosphere...

Mathematical compensation for the nonhydrogenic behavior of recombination radiation levels of gases, based on the quantum...

Quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) is a display technology that utilizes quantum dots, which are semiconductor...

A furnace, generally electrically heated, with a control system capable of following a cam by which the temperature can be...

A thermal infrared imaging procedure developed for quality control of printed circuit boards. The thermogram of each board...

Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

Employ a Stirling engine for cryogenic cooling.

A terahertz spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of materials in the terahertz...

An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...

A thick meniscus lens arranged concentric with the center of curvature of a spherical mirror to produce an image free of...

An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

A small opening or slit in a mask.

A lens that has one convex surface and the other concave.