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Expo Dictionary Terms

dosimeter
A device used to detect and measure the quantity of exposure to nuclear or x-ray radiation, and dependent on the fact that such radiation ionizes a gas.
inefficient shutter
A shutter in which the opening and closing times for a large aperture setting occupy a substantial fraction of the total...
Clayden effect
The desensitization of the first photographic exposure after it has been subjected to high-intensity radiation.
phase mask
In optics and photolithography, a phase mask refers to a device that modifies the phase of light waves passing through it....
radiant exposure
motion picture camera
A camera equipped with a lens and a long length of perforated film, the latter being moved intermittently between exposures...
cesium-antimonide photocathode
A photocathode that exhibits maximum sensitivity in the blue and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. The sensitivity is...
photodiffusion effect
The potential difference between two areas of a semiconductor when one is exposed to light.
step-and-repeat camera
A type of camera that has scales or other arrangements by which successive exposures can be lined up and equally spaced on a...
photomask
A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in...
ionization chamber
A closed vessel with electrodes of different potentials that is used to determine how much ionization took place in a gas...
time-averaged holographic interferometry
Multiple exposures of holograms, one for each position of a vibrating image, that are used for vibration analysis and that...
planar access coupler
Low-insertion-loss fiber coupler fabricated from a sheet of light-sensitive material laminated onto a fused quartz substrate...
threshold test
In laser damage testing, the exposure of many sites of a sample to different intensities of laser irradiation to discover...
microdensitometer
The fundamental tool of microdensitometry, the microdensitometer is an instrument used for the precise measurement of...
Becquerel effect
The intensification of a latent image, because of exposure to light to which the emulsion is otherwise insensitive.
flash photographic density filter
A filter, partially opaque to near-ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation, that may be made by exposing and processing...
digital radiography
Medical diagnostic (x-ray) imaging using laser printers to produce high-resolution digital hard copy instead of film exposed...
Hertz effect
The ionization and spark emission due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
APD detector
An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...
spatial intensity perturbation
A beam instability, induced by index of refraction inhomogeneities and component damage of dirt and dust particles, that...
quantum sensing
Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...
bias frame
A frame taken with a CCD camera over an exposure length of zero seconds with the lens cap on or the shutter closed and no...
microenvironmental control system
Equipment that supports microscopic live-cell imaging by managing the gas, media perfusion, temperature and other factors to...
microfilm camera
A camera used to reduce originals onto film for easy storage. There are two basic types: one in which the film is fixed...
rolling shutter artifacts
Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...
limiting aperture
The maximum circular area over which radiance and radiant exposure can be averaged.
incident light meter
An exposure meter designed to measure the light striking an object and used at a suitable location in a scene.
photodynamic inactivation
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...
exposure
In optics, the total radiant energy incident on a surface-per-unit area. It is equal to the integral over time of the...
recombinase polymerase amplification
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...
charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...
adjacency effect
With respect to photography, the change in the density-exposure relations, for small details of the photographic image, that...
speckle imaging
A technique for obtaining improved resolution of images produced by large telescopes and distorted by the effects of...
photoacoustic effect
Generation of an acoustical signal by a sample exposed to modulated light.
two-photon polymerization
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...
Beer's law
Transmittance of a stable solution is an exponential function of the concentration of the absorbing solute.
fatigue
The decrease of a component's efficiency, or a reduction in a material's light sensitivity, as the result of accumulated...
exposure index
A measure of film speed sensitivity to light.
hyperchromic shift
Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...
film plane
The site behind the lens system in a camera where photographic media are positioned for exposure.
deep ultraviolet
Deep ultraviolet (DUV or deep-UV) refers to a specific range of ultraviolet light with shorter wavelengths than those in the...
radiophotoluminescence
The luminescence displayed when particular minerals are irradiated with β-rays and g-rays, after being exposed to...
optical glass
Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...
secondary x-rays
X-rays emitted by a substance that formerly has been exposed to x-rays. The properties of the substance determine the...
fluence
Fluence is a term used in various scientific and technical disciplines to describe the amount of something per unit area....
pulsed radiance
The integral of the radiance over exposure time.
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
focal plane shutter
A shutter having one or more roller blinds of material with a variable slit that moves across the back of the camera when...
simultaneous exposure and development
The process, used with a positive photoresist, in which the photoresist is immersed in developing chemicals while being...
transversely excited atmosphere carbon dioxide laser
Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...
spot meter
A telescopic light-sensing meter used to measure illumination levels of small regions at a distance of many feet; it is used...
sensitometry
Primarily the measurement of photographic sensitivity of certain materials such as photographic film. It refers to the...
phototherapy
Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...
cine camera
A camera capable of making successive exposures on a continuous film driven by accurately spaced sprocket holes (a motion...
negative ghost
A ghost image that has the reverse lightness relations of the original image. This phenomenon is a common optical illusion...
Hartmann test
A test for spherical aberration, coma or astigmatism in which incident rays from a point source are isolated by small holes...
fluorochrome
The combination of the organic dye in a stained specimen and the antibodies produced that is detected by exposure to light.
photobleaching
Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...
dark frame
A frame taken to identify electronic noise in a CCD imaging device. A dark frame is recorded without exposing the CCD to any...
proximity effect
The underexposure caused by the diffraction of light passing through small openings spaced closely together in masks used in...
filter factor
The necessary increase of a photograph's exposure time as the result of the additional absorption of light by the filter...
reflected light meter
An exposure meter that indicates the amount of light reflected from the subject of interest.
electronic shutter
A mechanical shutter that has had its timing escapement replaced with an electronic timing circuit. This circuit allows a...
photocurrent
The current that flows through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.
solar simulator
A solar simulator is a device used to replicate the spectrum and intensity of sunlight in a controlled environment for...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
photorefractive material
A material in which the refractive index varies according to changes in the light to which it is exposed. Lithium niobate is...
aptamer
An aptamer is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that can bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity...
lux-second
SI unit of light exposure.
line-scan camera
A line-scan camera, also known as a line-scan image sensor or linear array camera, is a type of digital camera designed to...
double-exposure holography
The formation of an interferogram by means of two holograms on the same recording medium, often used for determining small...
phase hologram
A hologram that is formed on a recording medium by changing the phase of the illuminating wave in correspondence with the...
ambrotype
The underexposed collodion that is present on a glass negative as a positive when backed with material.
chemical actinometer
A light-sensitive detector having a chemical compound that reacts when exposed to light. It is used in photochemistry and...
maximum permissable exposure
The maximum level of laser radiation that a person may be exposed to without adverse biological effects.
Debot effect
The conversion of an internal latent image into a surface latent image through exposure to infrared radiation. The converse...
printer
A photographic enlarger with a fixed negative plane and a fixed paper plane, often using a roll of paper that is advanced...
camera shutter
An apparatus, designed for use with a camera, that is used to rapidly open the path from lens to film, to maintain the...
photographic dosimetry
The use of photographic emulsions to detect and determine the amounts of ionizing radiation, such as x-rays and gamma rays,...
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
radiographic amplifier screen
A solid-state panel of the photoconductor-electroluminescent type. The photoconductive layer, sensitive to x-rays, is coated...
photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...
masks for evaporation/deposition
In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...
exposure meter
An instrument used to measure the light from a scene to be photographed and to indicate the camera lens and shutter settings...
electron-beam lithography system
An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
cathode radiant sensitivity
Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...
flash radiography
A technique used in radiography to obtain an unblurred image of a moving object by the use of very short x-ray exposures,...
camera
A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...
silver halide emulsion
An emulsion in which grains of the photosensitive material silver halide are deposited. Each grain, when exposed to light,...
photoresist
Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...
transparent electrophotographic films
Imaging materials that generally consist of a polyester base, a transparent electrically conductive layer and an organic...
spectral response
Measure of a detector's signal during exposure to radiation of a constant power level and varying wavelength.
photolithography
Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...
latensification
A short term for latent image intensification, a process much like hypersensitizing in photography, but used after exposure...
intrinsic detector
A photodetector composed of a photoconductive material that, when exposed to radiation, conducts without the aid of added...
photopolymerization
A process in which a mixture of one or more monomers, plus a catalyst, polymerize under exposure to light radiation....
ospin
Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...
color scanner
An instrument that uses a beam of light to scan a color transparency, and three differently filtered photosensors to record...
digital camera
A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...
heat-resistant glass
Glass that has been specially treated so that it will not shatter when exposed to high temperatures followed by immediate...
nominal ocular hazard distance
The calculated normal distance from a photon source at which harmful interaction with the incident light will occur....
solarization
1. The reduction in the developable density of a photographic emulsion that has been extremely overexposed. 2. In a laser...
light negative
That property of a substance that determines that there will be a decrease in conductivity when exposed to light radiation.
phosphorography
A process used in pyrometry and photothermometry to create a photographic record of a surface's temperature gradients....
stored beam hologram
A term referring to the pre-exposed hologram of the subject used in holographic interferometry.
fiber Bragg grating
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of optical filter that is inscribed or "written" into the core of an optical fiber. It...
pulsed sandwich holography
Separation of incident laser pulses by several seconds so holographic plates can be changed and sandwiched between the...
photographic sensitometry
The measurement of the responsivity of photographic media and of the relations between exposure and density of developed...
copper oxide photocell
An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...
dewetting
Dewetting is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where a thin film or coating spontaneously undergoes a process of...
ultraviolet reflectance
Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...
image storage panel
A modified form of an image-retaining panel that can be used in subdued daylight. This is achieved by adding a layer of zinc...
machine vision lens
A machine vision lens is a specialized optical lens designed for use in machine vision systems, which are used for automated...
photosensitivity
That property of a material indicating that it will react when exposed to light energy.
near-field holography
A lithography method that allows the transfer of fine-pitch gratings from a phase mask into photoresist. The exposure takes...
lenticular color photography
A type of additive color photography using a lenticular structure impressed on a film base and a camera lens with a filter...
sensitometer
An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
CMOS camera
A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...
high-speed movie camera
A camera designed to record at rates exceeding 50 fps. For frame rates up to about 500 fps, an ordinary pull-down mechanism...
photoelectromagnetic effect
Interaction of a magnetic field with a photoconductive substance exposed to light to create a potential difference.
film platen
A mechanism in a camera designed to position the film in the focal plane for exposure.
area scan
Area scan, in the context of imaging and cameras, refers to a method of capturing an entire two-dimensional image in a...
laser painting
Extended period exposure photographs of a laser light created with various patterns within full image (laser graffiti).
magnetic rotation spectrum
The absorption spectrum of an element influenced by a magnetic field in the same direction as the transmitted light, which...
classification duration
For a laser, the maximum exposure time that the laser design allows; 0.25 seconds for a Class 2 laser.
integrated energy
Also known as integrated exposure. A measurement of light from sources that vary rapidly with time, defined as the integral...
Wiener experiment
After putting a thick photographic emulsion on a front-faced mirror, and exposing the emulsion to monochromatic incident...
temperature-sensitive coating
A coating having pigments that change color when exposed to heat. This effect has been widely used to monitor hot spots in...
emulsion speed
The sensitivity of a photographic emulsion when exposed to light, provided that the film is developed through a standard...
characteristic curve
A graph used in photography to portray the increase of a film's density as its time of exposure increases.
photopolymer hologram
A holographic plate coated by photopolymeric mixtures that are composed of one or more monomers and a photoredox catalyst...
apparent movement
The visual perception of motion when fixed stimuli are exposed in rapid temporal and spatial succession.
multiple lens camera
A camera that uses a rotating mirror to project sequential images onto lenses that are arranged in an arc. The reflected...
backscatter
Backscatter refers to the phenomenon in which radiation or waves are scattered backward, opposite to the direction of the...
channel electron multiplier
A photoelectric detector consisting of a glass tube internally coated with a low conductance material. Voltage applied along...
polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA...
ballistic camera
A camera that uses multiple exposures to record the trajectory of an ordnance from a ground-level position.
frames per second
The number of separate images exposed by a cine camera in a second or the number illuminated by a cine projector in a...
photochromic
Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...
silicon carbide light-emitting diodes
Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...
surface electromagnetic waves
Waves that propagate along the interface between two different media without radiation with exponentially decaying...
b integral
Calculates the exponential growth of the least stable spatial frequency in a laser beam, and is the numerical equivalent of...
atomic clock
An atomic clock is a highly precise timekeeping device that uses the vibrations or oscillations of atoms as a reference for...
sapphire window
A sapphire window refers to a transparent optical component made from sapphire crystal. Sapphire is a single-crystal form of...
high dynamic range
High dynamic range (HDR) refers to a technology that allows for a broader and more dynamic range of luminosity in visual...
solar constant of radiation
Solar radiation intensity existing in free space at the mean solar distance of the Earth. Commonly expressed in g cal...
extinction meter
A type of exposure meter that artificially reduces the light admitted in a sequence of known fractions until a value is...
modulated grating hologram
A computer-generated, phase-and-amplitude, off-axis hologram made by a multi-exposure technique that uses three computer...
photoelectric current
The electron stream emitted by a phototube when the cathode is exposed to light.
sonoptography
The process whereby sound waves are employed to form a three-dimensional image of an object. The process involves generally:...
spherical microintegrated lens
A tiny lens (as small as 100 µm in diameter) used to focus light on charge-coupled devices, formed by heating a...
germicidal UV
Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) refers to a specific range of UV radiation that has disinfectant properties capable of killing...
phototheodolite
A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...
silver-disc pyrheliometer
An instrument that uses a blackened silver-disc reflector with a shutter to create temperature fluctuations that are...
laser damage threshold
The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...
shutter
A mechanical or electronic device used to control the amount of time that a light-sensitive material is exposed to radiation.
fluorescent screen
A fluorescent screen refers to a phosphorescent or fluorescent-coated surface that emits visible light when exposed to other...
extensometer
1. A strainmeter capable of measuring the change in the relationship between two reference points, provided that the points...
rotating prism camera
A camera, with a rotating prism, that is capable of forming multiple exposures on a constantly moving strip of film.
Herschel effect
The decrease in effect in developable density on a photographic plate formed by a second exposure to radiation having a...
thermomagnetic imaging
The production of an image on a magnetic film that is exposed to infrared radiation and heated to a point above Curie...
eye-safe laser operation
Wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm (VIS to NIR) are focused onto the retina by the cornea. Because the retina is sensitive...
Sabattier effect
The reversal of a developed image due to the exposure of the partially developed image to actinic light.
photographic shutter efficiency
A measure of the total light passed by a shutter during an exposure, compared with the light that could be passed by an...
auto-iris lens
A device for automatic exposure control in which a motor-driven diaphragm adjusts the aperture in response to a signal from...
photoelectric exposure meter
A device consisting of a microammeter, a photovoltaic cell and a battery. It is used for the measurement of scene brightness...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
optical cements and adhesive
Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...
surface acoustic wave
An acoustic wave that propagates along the surface of a solid and decays exponentially with substrate depth. Also called a...
sapphire optical fiber
Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...
reciprocity law
With respect to photography, the law stating that the optical density of an exposed emulsion with standard development is a...
sandwich holography
The simultaneous exposure of two holographic plates with emulsions facing the object. After deformation, a second pair of...
piecewise interferometry
An interferometric technique for the generation of precision gratings that allows for sequential exposure of small segments...
multicolor hologram
A hologram formed by reconstruction of multicolor wavefronts. The system used to produce the hologram is designed to combine...
latent image
The pattern of physical or chemical changes that has taken place in a photographic emulsion, by its exposure to light, that...
Fourier images
The series of images formed when periodic objects are exposed to collimated monochromatic radiation and that result from...
curing
The use of chemicals or radiation to induce a desired change in a substance; e.g., some optical adhesives are set by...
erythema
Localized redness of skin due to congestion of capillaries; a common result of overexposure to laser radiation.
glass dosimeter
A device that detects and measures the quantity of exposure to nuclear radiation. It uses a special glass rod that...
rotary camera
A camera system used for microphotography that has a structure, such as a cylinder or surveyor belt, to rotate the documents...
gamma
A numerical value representing the degree of contrast in a television picture: the exponent of the power law used to...
absorption hologram
A hologram formed when the light of the illuminating beam is absorbed in correspondence with the recording exposure. In...
dark decay
The decay of an electrostatic charge image resulting from long exposure to the dark.
photographic exposure
The product of exposure time and irradiance or illuminance.
photoimmunotherapy
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a medical treatment approach that combines elements of phototherapy and immunotherapy to target...
magneto-optic shutter
A type of high-speed photographic shutter that uses Faraday rotation to produce exposure times as fast as 1 microsecond. It...
Hurter-Driffield curve
A plotted relation between Log E (logarithm to base 10 of exposure in metercandle seconds) and density (logarithm to base 10...
fiber lapping
A method of optical fiber coupling in which the fibers are ground down to expose their cores and placed together to allow...
autofluorescence
Autofluorescence refers to the natural emission of fluorescence exhibited by certain biological structures or molecules when...
high-speed radiography
A method of producing x-ray exposures as short as 0.03 µs; the primary application is in ballistic radiography.
Lambert's absorption law
Transmittance of a solution, or internal transmittance of a transparent solid, is an exponential function of the thickness...
time-lapse camera
A cine camera that exposes a series of individual frames to record the changes in a subject that slowly alters with time....
exposure time
The length of time during which the receiver is irradiated.
lithography
Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...
flash sensitometer
A sensitometer that utilizes an electronic flashtube or a photoflash lamp as both the light source and the shutter for...
silicon photodiode
A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...
environmental chamber
A test chamber designed to expose the subject being tested to external conditions, such as heat, shock, pressure and...
photostore
The photographic recording of data, in binary form, for storage in memory. Exposure is achieved by a cathode-ray tube or by...
color aging test
A test used to measure the degree of fading of different colored materials, especially those involving organic dyes, which...
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
hematoporphyrin derivative
A material used in photodynamic therapy that is retained selectively by tumor tissue when injected into the body; it then...
developer
A chemical solution that changes the silver salts (latent image) of exposed photographic film into black metallic silver...
bracketing
In photography, the technique of taking multiple pictures of the same subject at different exposures to compensate for...
luminance meter
A type of photometer calibrated in luminance units (candles per square unit, or lamberts). In photography an exposure meter...
Dobson spectrophotometer
A spectrophotometer that measures the amount of ozone in the atmosphere through a comparison of solar energy at two...
phototoxicity
Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...
luminescence
Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...
image intensifier
An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...
light meter
Any device that is used to sense and measure light. See exposure meter; photoelectric exposure meter; photoelectric...
infrared photoconductor
A photoconductor that demonstrates increased conductivity during its exposure to infrared radiation.
fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna
A fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna (FCPA) is a type of optoelectronic device that combines a photoconductive antenna...
silicon monoxide
A material used as a protective layer on an aluminized or silvered mirror. It is evaporated on the mirror as a thin layer,...
image quality
A measure of the closeness with which an optical image is capable of resembling the original object. The factors that affect...
overexposure
The improper exposure of a radiation-sensitive medium that results when there is too much radiation exposing the medium, or...
hypersensitizing
With respect to photography, the process used to increase the effective speed of an emulsion between manufacture and...
bellows
In optics, a collapsible structure situated between the lens and film of a camera to allow variation of the distance between...
sonoluminescence
The luminescence of a substance resulting from its exposure to ultrasonic waves.

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