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RNA Dictionary Terms

fiber optic sensor
A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...
polymer
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...
optical cements and adhesive
Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...
active element
Component that is externally controlled via electronic or photon signal.
machine vision lighting
Machine vision lighting refers to the use of specific lighting techniques and equipment in the field of machine vision,...
transverse chromatic aberration
An alternate term for lateral chromatic aberration. See chromatic aberration.
CID camera
CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...
fiber optic cable assembly
A fiber optic cable assembly refers to a complete unit consisting of optical fibers, connectors, protective jackets, and...
photostatic camera
A type of copying camera in which the object is placed on a horizontal easel and photographed by a horizontal camera above...
guided mode
In an optical waveguide, a mode whose field decays monotonically in the transverse direction everywhere external to the core...
attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry to obtain IR spectra of samples....
light fidelity
LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...
radioactive tracer
A radioactive element that is placed or injected into a system to obtain an autoradiogram of the system. It is used in a...
Destriau effect
Observed electroluminescence of zinc sulfide phosphors when excited by an electric field. This effect is the basis for the...
atomic time
Any system of time measurement that is based on atomic resonances. The transition times between the hyperfine levels of...
aptamer
An aptamer is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that can bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity...
critical angle
The least angle of incidence at which total internal reflection takes place. The angle of incidence in a denser medium, at...
Lambert's absorption law
Transmittance of a solution, or internal transmittance of a transparent solid, is an exponential function of the thickness...
optical table
An optical table, also known as an optical bench or an optical breadboard, is a specialized platform used in optics...
telephotometer
An instrument used to measure the luminance (brightness) of a distant object. The object is viewed through a small...
nodal points
Of all the rays passing through a lens from an off-axis object point to its corresponding image point, there is always one...
diurnal aberration
Atmospheric aberration caused by the Earth's rotation; the degree varies from 0 at the poles to a maximum of 0.31 s of arc...
motion controller
In optics, a motion controller refers to a device or system that precisely controls the movement of optical components, such...
multilayer coating
A coating made up of many layers of material having alternating high and low refractive index. In this way, it is possible...
drawing tower
A system for fabricating optical fiber, consisting of a furnace that heats the materials, a polymer coating stage, a...
digital camera
A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...
silver-disc pyrheliometer
An instrument that uses a blackened silver-disc reflector with a shutter to create temperature fluctuations that are...
low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit (LEO) refers to a region in space that is relatively close to Earth's surface, typically characterized by...
infrared signal generator
A device that combines electronic and optical techniques to form a monitored infrared signal between 1 and 14 µm. It...
rear focusing
A type of internal focusing in which only the lens elements closest to the rear of the lens barrel are moved.
slab laser
Solid-state laser geometry in which the standard rod is replaced by a slab of laser material. Often called...
laser active elements
Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...
integrated photonics
Integrated photonics is a field of study and technology that involves the integration of optical components, such as lasers,...
corner cube
A corner cube, also known as a corner reflector or retroreflector prism, is a type of optical device used to reflect light...
Fizeau fringes
Fizeau fringes are interference fringes observed in an interferometer, specifically in a Fizeau interferometer. The Fizeau...
integrating sphere
A hollow sphere coated internally with a white diffusing material and provided with openings for incident beam, specimen and...
phage
A phage, short for bacteriophage, is a type of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. Phages are composed of...
Ioffee bar
A fusion system conductor capable of carrying current in opposite directions in alternating time phases.
optical design and engineering services
Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...
absorbing wedge
A doped or absorbing transparent medium cut or molded into a wedge in order to measure the real and imaginary components of...
microphonic noise
Output noise in a laser beam resulting from acoustic disturbances of mirror separation or orientation. Such disturbances may...
Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...
Brewster's fringes
The fringes used in the Jamin interferometer and produced by light that has been internally and externally reflected by two...
microbubble resonator
A microbubble resonator is a device used in photonics and optical physics for the precise manipulation of light waves. It...
optical coherence tomography angiography
Also known as OCT-A, optical coherence tomography angiography is an imaging technique that uses light waves to measure...
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
ultrasonic
Ultrasonic refers to sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing, typically above...
deep learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to model and solve complex...
light pipe
Transparent matter that usually is drawn into a cylindrical, pyramidical or conical shape through which light is channeled...
Lyot filter
A type of filter consisting of a series of birefringent crystals and polarizers invented by French astronomer Bernard Lyot...
etendue
A product of the area of a light beam (normal to its direction of propagation) and the solid angle that the beam includes;...
beam shuttle
A set of mirrors mounted on solenoids to move them into and out of the path of a laser beam, making it possible for multiple...
external photoelectric effect
The ejection of electrons from the surface of a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons.
deflection yoke
A metal coil or coils wrapped around the outside of the neck of a cathode-ray tube. Current passing through the coils...
Ultraviolet-C
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) refers to a specific range of ultraviolet radiation with shorter wavelengths than those of visible...
voltage multiplier
A device that converts alternating voltage to direct voltage, while at the same time increasing its amplitude.
fiber laser
A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...
fused quartz and silica
Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...
sidereal time
Frequently used in astronomical measurement, it is based on the diurnal rotation of a star relative to the fixed stellar...
Abbe-Porro prism
A reflecting prism that inverts the image. The image is reflected four times internally and emitted laterally. The prism is...
laser lithotripsy
Laser lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses laser energy to break down or fragment stones in various parts of the...
cross roller slide
A positioning slide mechanism with two rows of alternately crisscrossed cylindrical rollers.
opaque projector
An opaque projector is a device used for enlarging and projecting images from opaque objects such as printed pages,...
retroreflection
Retroreflection is a phenomenon in optics where light is reflected back toward its source, typically in a direction nearly...
internal surface
A nonoptical surface, within lenses and lens mounts, that contributes largely to flare by reflecting light into the image...
permeability
Typically represented by the Greek letter μ, magnetic permeability is the measure of a material's ability to generate and...
autofluorescence
Autofluorescence refers to the natural emission of fluorescence exhibited by certain biological structures or molecules when...
Wolter telescope
A grazing incidence mirror telescope with concentric conic surfaces having a single common point: a paraboloid-hyperboloid...
Glan-Foucault prism
A type of birefringent polarizing prism that transmits the extraordinary ray and removes the ordinary ray through total...
thyristor
A family of semiconductor switching devices of which the silicon-controlled rectifier and the triac are most commonly used....
metrology
Metrology is the science and practice of measurement. It encompasses the theoretical and practical aspects of measurement,...
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is an international standard for medical imaging created by both the...
blinking
Intentionally alternating the intensity of a display element in a graphic display device.
quaternary
Made up of four elements; for instance, gadolinium, scandium, gallium and garnet (GSGG).
motion picture camera
A camera equipped with a lens and a long length of perforated film, the latter being moved intermittently between exposures...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
optoacoustic
Optoacoustic, or photoacoustic, refers to a phenomenon and related techniques that involve the generation of acoustic waves...
Dammann grating
A Dammann grating is a type of diffractive optical element (DOE) used to create an array of equally spaced,...
spectral domain optical coherence tomography
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
quantum noise
Noise generated within an optical communications system link that has both internal (dark current) and external (background...
color comparator
1. A device used in chemistry to compare the colors of solutions held in flat-bottomed tubes and viewed along the length of...
Silsbee effect
The ability of an electrical current to destroy superconductivity by means of the magnetic field generated by the current....
multifocal lens
A lens with internally adjustable elements to produce a range of focal lengths. Unlike a true zoom lens, a multifocal lens...
deep ultraviolet
Deep ultraviolet (DUV or deep-UV) refers to a specific range of ultraviolet light with shorter wavelengths than those in the...
Ruticon
A ruticon is an opto-electronic device in which light going through it can be modulated by an electric field. The...
Bridgman technique
Crystal growth method that resembles static freeze, but that induces growth by removing the ampoule from the furnace so that...
carrier injection
Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...
SI
Systeme Internationale d'Unites, the international metric system of units.
holographic grating
A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating that is produced using holographic recording techniques. It consists...
dual inline package
A package for electronic components that is suited for automated assembly into printed circuit boards. The DIP is...
total internal reflection
The reflection that occurs within a substance because the angle of incidence of light striking the boundary surface is in...
passive-matrix OLED display
An OLED display formed by creating an array of OLED pixels connected by intersecting anode and cathode conductors arranged...
hyperchromic shift
Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...
dark frame
A frame taken to identify electronic noise in a CCD imaging device. A dark frame is recorded without exposing the CCD to any...
active transport
The transport of molecules in a cell which requires the use of a cell's internal energy. The energy used in the cell may be...
Rydberg atom
The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...
CMOS camera
A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...
image converter high-speed camera
A camera that uses an image converter tube in such a way that voltage waveforms applied to internal electrodes cause the...
zone plate
A plate of glass, usually a photograph, on which there is a central spot surrounded by concentric annular zones, alternately...
international candle
A unit of measurement of luminous intensity based on a physical standard, a set of calibrated carbon filament lamps. The old...
CIE
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, the international commission on illumination.
fluorescence lifetime
Fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time it takes for a fluorophore, a molecule that absorbs light at one wavelength...
Babinet compensator
A device containing two opposed quartz wedges of equal angle, one wedge being movable along its length by a micrometer...
fluorophore
A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...
optical coherence tomography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used in medical and scientific fields to capture...
electro-optic modulator
An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...
inertial fusion energy
Inertial fusion energy (IFE) refers to a proposed method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy released from...
laser gyroscope
Counter propagating beams imaged along the same path in order to detect rotation. Precise rotation is measured through...
curie
Standard maintained by the International Commission on Radiological Units as a unit of radioactivity defined as the quantity...
laser pointer
Handheld optical laser device containing a semiconductor or DPSS source. The output is corrected via internal collimating...
magnon
A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...
transmissivity
The internal transmittance per unit thickness of a nondiffusing material.
electromagnetic radiation
Radiation emitted from vibrating charged particles. A combination of oscillating electrical and magnetic fields that...
colorimeter
A colorimeter is a device used to measure and quantify the color characteristics of an object or a light source. It provides...
quantum wire
A narrow channel created by cleaving a crystal made of alternating layers of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide,...
diode laser
A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....
transversely excited atmosphere carbon dioxide laser
Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...
liquid crystal
Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exhibits properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid...
fusion ignition
Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...
optoelectronic
Pertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation...
quadrupole lens
A device used in electron microscopes and particle accelerators to focus electron beams by the arrangement of four...
dark noise
The noise produced in a photodetector when the photocathode is shielded from all external optical radiation and operating...
resonator
A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance, which is a phenomenon that occurs when an external force or...
rugate
Bearing alternate ridges and grooves; corrugated. Said of some optical surfaces.
internal standard line
A spectral line of an internal standard; used to compare radiant energy of the line being analyzed.
lumen
A lumen is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of luminous flux, which is the perceived power of light. In...
inner focusing
In a camera, the movement of one or more lenses behind the front lens, rather than of the front lens itself, to bring the...
network interface card
A network interface card (NIC), also known as a network adapter or LAN adapter, is a hardware component that allows...
Fresnel zone plate
A zone plate in which the zones are alternately transparent and opaque to specific radiation, and coarse enough so that no...
resonance
Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...
extrinsic photoconductivity
Photoconductivity due to the addition of impurities or external causes.
polarization-preserving fiber
Single-mode fiber that preserves the plane of polarization of the light launched into it as the beam propagates through its...
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
blink comparator
An optical system that rapidly alternates two similar pictures or scenes to permit the detection of small dissimilarities...
line-narrowed laser
A semiconductor laser in which the naturally occurring broad linewidth has been narrowed by incorporating the laser diode...
Dobson spectrophotometer
A spectrophotometer that measures the amount of ozone in the atmosphere through a comparison of solar energy at two...
transmission electron microscope
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a powerful microscopy technique that uses a beam of electrons to create...
swept source optical coherence tomography
Swept-source optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
fiber optics
The use of thin flexible glass or plastic fibers as wave guides — or "light pipes" — to channel light from one...
laser drift
Laser drift typically refers to a phenomenon where the frequency or wavelength of a laser source gradually changes over...
luminescent greenhouse collector
A collector for photovoltaic power generation that consists of a thin plate that strongly absorbs sunlight striking its...
strain
In optics, the mechanical tension, compression or shear in optical glass due to internal stress caused by improper cooling...
flicker photometer
A bench photometer that depends on the inability of the eye to distinguish color in brief flashes of light. Any difference...
gallium arsenide phosphide
Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) is a semiconductor alloy composed of gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), and phosphorus (P). It...
self-electro-optic effect device
An optically bistable device used for photonic switching, constructed of a multiple quantum well biased by an external...
GaN-based LEDs
Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...
endoscope
An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...
case hardening
A surface heat-treating process that produces a highly stressed surface. In case-hardening of glass, a plate of glass is...
directed energy
Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...
Faraday configuration
Describes incident radiation propagating parallel to an externally applied magnetic field in magneto-optical experimentation.
run end coding
A digital imaging method whereby the first gray level in the ordered sequence and the position of the first lengths of all...
radiation mode
A mode in an optical waveguide whose fields are transversely oscillatory everywhere external to the waveguide. It exists...
interferometric modulator display
Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) is a type of display technology used in electronic devices, known for its energy...
laser diode module
A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...
internal photoelectric effect
The creation of free electrons within a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons. The effect produces an...
free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...
borescope
A device for the internal inspection of hard-to-get-at mechanical parts, such as rifle barrels, sewer pipes, oil wells, or...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
microRNA
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...
atomic absorption spectrometer
An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...
modulation transfer function analysis/measurement equipment
MTF analysis/measurement equipment refers to instruments and tools used to measure and analyze the modulation transfer...
Fresnel rhomb
A type of quarter-wave retarder in the form of a glass rhomb; light entering the retarder undergoes two total internal...
molecular motor
A molecular motor refers to a nano-sized device composed of organic molecules or other small-scale components that can...
Lummer-Gehrcke plate
A high-resolution spectroscopic device commonly used in the early 20th century as a component of double-beam...
inverse problem
Any problem that requires retrieval of the distribution of some internal properties, such as temperature concentration,...
laser
A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...
plasma accelerator
A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...
germicidal UV
Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) refers to a specific range of UV radiation that has disinfectant properties capable of killing...
tempered glass
A glass that is heated, then chilled (usually by an air blast) to set up internal stresses so that the surfaces are under...
null process
Commonly performed in spectroscopy, the optical null process is a method for radiation detection whereby physical detectors...
lineament
A mappable surface feature arranged in straight or curved lines that is distinguished from surrounding surfaces and is...
phase contrast microscopy
Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of transparent and colorless...
environmental chamber
A test chamber designed to expose the subject being tested to external conditions, such as heat, shock, pressure and...
cathode-ray tube envelope
Envelopes for cathode-ray tubes are made by blowing glass in the same manner as light bulbs. They have a fairly flat end...
gain-switching
Gain-switching is a technique used in lasers to generate short pulses of light by modulating the gain of the laser medium....
ratiometer
An electronic device that minimizes short-term drift effects and random measurement error inherent in alternate...
goniometer eyepiece
An eyepiece having a rotating index or cross wire linked to an external 360° scale to allow measuring of angles in an...
volumetric imaging
Volumetric imaging refers to the capture, visualization, and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) information from a volume of...
solid-state laser
A solid-state laser is a type of laser that uses a solid gain medium (as opposed to a liquid or gas) to produce coherent...
fiber-coupled LED
A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...
ternary notation
Refers to a notation system using a base of 3 and the numerical characters 0, 1 and 2.
atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
The analysis of fluorescence emitted by discrete atoms, in flames, that have absorbed radiation from an external source. It...
thermal resistance
In a laser, a measure of the device's ability to dissipate internally generated heat.
optogenetics
A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...
filter kernal
A function used in a convolution filtering operation. The image to be filtered is convolved with the filtering kernel to...
copper oxide photocell
An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...
diamond-turned optic
Diamond turning refers to a precision machining process used to produce complex optical components, particularly lenses and...
thermoluminescence
An alternative term for incandescence.
retroreflector
A retroreflector is an optical device or structure that reflects incident light or electromagnetic waves back to their...
magnetic fluid
A fluid having three components: a carrier fluid, magnetite particles suspended by Brownian motion and a stabilizer to...
mass spectrometer
A device used to measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. It utilizes the Lorentz force...
dielectric coating
A high-reflectance coating consisting of alternating layers of quarter-wave film of a higher refractive index and lower...
sapphire optical fiber
Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...
Littrow spectrograph
A spectrograph using a prism that has an internally reflecting surface and that serves as a constant deviation prism.
internal standard
A material that is present or added to a sample undergoing spectroscopic analysis, to serve as an intensity reference for...
vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser
A laser that has a surface-emitting semiconductor gain element coupled to an external mirror designed to complete the laser...
single-molecule FRET
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...
thermal dissociation
A technique for detecting free radicals by their electronic spectra. The material to be studied is placed in a...
fiber Bragg grating
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of optical filter that is inscribed or "written" into the core of an optical fiber. It...
ferroelectric materials
Ferroelectric materials are a type of dielectric materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, meaning they...
total internal reflection fluorescence
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an advanced fluorescence microscopy technique that leverages the...
metasurfaces
Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...
ternary
Made up of three components; for instance yttrium, aluminum and garnet (YAG).
glass annealing furnace
A furnace, generally electrically heated, with a control system capable of following a cam by which the temperature can be...
CubeSat
A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite characterized by its standardized size and modular design. CubeSats are...
gas filter correlation
A technique for measuring the concentration of any gases. Identical infrared beams are alternately chopped, one passing...
laser cooling
A process and method by which manipulation and orientation of a given number of directed laser beams decreases the motion of...
mode hopping
Mode hopping in the context of lasers refers to a phenomenon where a laser system abruptly switches from one longitudinal...
free-space optical interconnect
A type of internal photonic connection in an integrated circuit in which a holographic grating is used to focus light at...
optical fiber
Optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent strand or filament made of glass or plastic used for transmitting light...
laser-mediated gene transfer
Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...
liquid core optical fiber
Multimode straight fiber capable of transporting linearly polarized light with any incident polarization angle, and in which...
leaky ray
In an optical waveguide, a ray for which geometric optics would predict total internal reflection at the core boundary, but...
machine vision system
A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...
undulator magnet
A device used in a free-electron laser to convert the electron-beam's energy into microwave laser radiation by creating a...
input/output
I/O stands for input/output. In computing, it refers to the communication between a computer system or program and its...
mode-locked lasers
Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...
magneto-optics
Magneto-optics refers to the study and manipulation of the interaction between magnetic fields and light (electromagnetic...
blackbody simulator
A source that attempts to create the characteristics of an ideal blackbody. It consists of a cavity, generally spherical,...
diurnal phase shift
Phase shift in electromagnetic signals caused by daily variations in the ionosphere, often during sunrise or sunset.
inside vapor-phase oxidation
A method that produces low-loss optical fibers. A glass tube rotates while reactants pass through the tube and heat is...
optical clock
An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...
genlock
A device used to lock the internal synchronization generator of a television camera to an external source.
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A method of studying the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules (typically living tissue and chemical...
channel electron multiplier
A photoelectric detector consisting of a glass tube internally coated with a low conductance material. Voltage applied along...
baseband
The simplest method of transmission on a local area network. The entire bandwidth of the cable is used to transmit a single...
furnace
See glass annealing furnace; glass melting furnace.
lateral wave
Light generated along the interface when light is incident in the neighborhood of the total internal reflection angle.
atomic clock
An atomic clock is a highly precise timekeeping device that uses the vibrations or oscillations of atoms as a reference for...
integrated services digital network
A set of international standards by which a single telecommunications channel is used to transmit voice and data...
field lens
1. A lens situated at or near the plane of an internal image to project the aperture of a previous objective or erector upon...
Fresnel lens
A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...
recombinase polymerase amplification
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...
internal
With reference to absorbance, absorptance, transmittance and the like, the processes occurring within a specimen between the...
photomultiplier tube
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...
spline function
Potential alternative to the conventional pulse approximation method of digital image processing because of its highly...
internal photoeffect
The effect in which photons are absorbed and excite the electrons; the electrons move from the valence band to the...
soliton laser
A color center laser whose output is coupled to an external control laser cavity and then fed back to the main laser cavity...
Schottky-barrier IRCCD
A form of infrared CCD that utilizes internal photoemission as a photodetection mechanism.
blackbody source
A blackbody source, often simply referred to as a blackbody, is a theoretical or practical physical object that absorbs all...
face-pumped laser
A device in which slab geometry internally compensates for thermal-optic distortion; the solid host material -- glass or...
heat sink
A series of flanges or other conducting surfaces, usually metal, attached to an electronic device to transmit and dissipate...
circular dichroism
Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...
modulated transmission ellipsometry
A method used to detect internal or residual microstresses in a material by using a laser beam to locate changes in...
electric quadrupole lens
A device that uses four electrodes set in an alternating positive-negative polarity series to focus the beams of charged...
unstable resonator
A resonator often used for mode control in Fresnel number laser cavities that is highly vulnerable to extremely weak...
Debot effect
The conversion of an internal latent image into a surface latent image through exposure to infrared radiation. The converse...
internal transmittance
The ratio of the radiant power transmitted to the second surface of a medium to the corresponding radiant power that has...
pressurization
Injecting a gas (usually nitrogen) with a very low moisture content into the body of an optical instrument to create a...
holographic tomography
Holographic tomography is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and tomography to provide three-dimensional...
glass
A noncrystalline, inorganic mixture of various metallic oxides fused by heating with glassifiers such as silica, or boric or...
III-V material
In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from...
solar furnace
An optical system that is designed to produce a high temperature in a specified area by the optical direction and...
embedded vision
Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...
Penning discharge
A standard source of high-charge-state ions for accelerators that has an external magnetic field oriented perpendicularly to...
passive-matrix liquid crystal display
An LCD that has pixels with no internal drive transistors.
annealing furnace
An oven or furnace that possesses the design requirements and heat control necessary to anneal glass for the optical...
birefringent filter
A filter that transmits light in a series of sharp, widely spaced wavelength bands by its sandwich construction of...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
crystalline lens
The internal lens of the eye. It is semielastic to permit changes in its power when focusing on objects at near distances.
nonradiative transition
A nonradiative transition refers to a process in which an electron or an atom undergoes a change in its energy state without...
glass-melting furnace
A furnace used to heat glass materials. It may be a small laboratory-type furnace for small-scale experiments or large...
Dove prism
A form of prism invented by H.W. Dove. It resembles half of a common right-angle prism in which a ray entering parallel to...
InGaAs photodiode
An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...
design and engineering consulting services
Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...
structural color
Structural color refers to coloration in materials that is not caused by pigments or dyes but is instead a result of the...

(266 results found)

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