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SiC Dictionary Terms

Casimir force
The Casimir force is a quantum phenomenon that results in an attractive force between two closely spaced uncharged...
meter
1. The basic unit of length in the metric system, equal to 39.37 in. or 3.28 ft. 2. Any device or instrument used for...
Seidel aberrations
Seidel aberrations refer to a set of monochromatic aberrations in optical systems, named after the German mathematician and...
electron-beam lithography system
An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...
intrinsic detector
A photodetector composed of a photoconductive material that, when exposed to radiation, conducts without the aid of added...
autofluorescence
Autofluorescence refers to the natural emission of fluorescence exhibited by certain biological structures or molecules when...
ultrafast pulsed laser
An ultrafast pulsed laser is a type of laser that emits extremely short pulses of light with durations typically on the...
chemical vapor deposition equipment
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...
optical distance
The physical length of the light path in a substance divided by the refractive index of that substance. See also equivalent...
Lorentz oscillator model
The Lorentz oscillator model is a theoretical model used in physics to describe the response of a charged particle (such as...
vibrational transition
A vibrational transition refers to a change in the vibrational energy of a molecule. Molecules consist of atoms that are...
terahertz spectrometer
A terahertz spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of materials in the terahertz...
point cloud
A point cloud is a set of data points in a three-dimensional coordinate system, where each point represents a specific...
virtual histology
Virtual histology refers to the use of digital technology and computational methods to simulate or recreate histological...
polariton
A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...
time-to-amplitude converter
A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...
anamorphic
A term used to denote a difference in magnification along mutually perpendicular meridians. Anamorphic systems are basically...
PIN photodiode
A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....
blue diode laser
A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...
doping
In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...
fluorescence microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy is a specialized optical imaging technique used in biology, chemistry, and materials science to...
phase-modulated sensor
A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...
selenology
That branch of astronomy concerned with the study of the moon's physical characteristics.
extrinsic properties
The properties exhibited by a semiconductor as the result of its modification by imperfections and impurities in the crystal.
immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for detecting antigens or haptens in cells of a tissue section by using labeled...
aperture stop
A physical constraint, often a lens retainer, that limits the diameter of the axial light bundle allowed to pass through a...
graphene
Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...
Weissenberg method
The Weissenberg method, named after the German physicist Karl Weissenberg, is a technique used in x-ray crystallography for...
mutual coherent function
A function that quantifies the performance degradation of coherent communications systems, imaging systems and all systems...
optical fiber optic switches
Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...
nitrogen vacancy
A nitrogen vacancy (NV) refers to a specific type of defect or impurity in a crystal lattice where a nitrogen atom replaces...
redshift
The displacement of spectrum lines, as determined by the increasing distance between, and the relative velocity of, the...
image plane holography
A hologram in which the image of an object, or the object itself, is located near the hologram recording plane, for optimum...
second-harmonic generation
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that occurs when two photons with the same frequency combine...
flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...
free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...
detector-Dewar assembly
A detector-Dewar assembly typically refers to a combination of a detector and a Dewar flask used in scientific instruments,...
topology
Topology is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the properties of space that are preserved under continuous...
magnetometer
A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. It can detect...
augmented reality
Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that integrates digital information, typically in the form of computer-generated...
polarization
Polarization refers to the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave, such as light waves, radio waves, or other...
photometry
Photometry is the branch of science that deals with the measurement of light, particularly in terms of its intensity and the...
atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
The analysis of fluorescence emitted by discrete atoms, in flames, that have absorbed radiation from an external source. It...
Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...
bandgap
In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....
Van der Waals
Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...
optical coatings
Optical coatings are thin layers of materials applied to optical components, such as lenses, mirrors, filters, and prisms,...
topological photonics
Topological photonics is a branch of physics and optics that explores the application of topological concepts to the...
laser cooling
A process and method by which manipulation and orientation of a given number of directed laser beams decreases the motion of...
photomultiplier tube
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...
polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA...
bending of light
1. That action occurring when light passes through an optical interface at other than normal incidence, i.e., refraction. 2....
primary chromatic aberration
Also referred to as primary color, this is the classic chromatic aberration of a single element caused by the variation of...
lattice
In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...
impurity level
In the context of optical materials, the term "impurity level" refers to the presence of foreign atoms or molecules within...
asynchronous transfer mode
A method of data multiplexing that can provide large, instantaneous bandwidths for busy traffic while permitting slow...
blackbody source
A blackbody source, often simply referred to as a blackbody, is a theoretical or practical physical object that absorbs all...
image jump
In optics, the term image jump refers to a displacement or shift in the apparent position of an image when a change occurs...
ocular accommodation
The physical adaption of the eye lens, by means of ciliary muscle contraction, in order to maintain a clear, in focus image...
continuous wave
Continuous wave (CW) refers to a type of signal or transmission where the signal is constant and does not vary with time. In...
Lyot stop
A physical stop that is conjugate to the entrance pupil and is used primarily to reduce diffraction effects at longer...
enhanced picture archiving and communication system display
Enhanced picture archiving and communication system (PACS) display (ePAD) is a software tool used in medical imaging to...
Fresnel reflection
Fresnel reflection refers to the reflection of light at the interface between two different media with different refractive...
geometric center
The physical center of the lens; it is on the axis of the lens, halfway between the front and rear vertex. It is sometimes...
holographic nondestructive testing
The application of coherent wavefront techniques to the determination of the physical state of a system without appreciably...
remote inspection
Remote inspection refers to the process of inspecting, evaluating, or monitoring assets, equipment, infrastructure, or...
single-molecule spectroscopy
An advanced technique that allows the detection of one molecule within a crystal or a cell through optical excitation....
working aperture
The maximum aperture of a lens at which it will still give a sharp image, even though its physical aperture may be larger.
magneto-optics
Magneto-optics refers to the study and manipulation of the interaction between magnetic fields and light (electromagnetic...
Baker-Nunn camera
A wide-field camera based on the classic Schmidt optical system used to photograph Earth-orbiting satellites.
scintillation detector
A scintillation detector is a radiation detection device that utilizes scintillation crystals to detect and measure ionizing...
monochromator
A monochromator is an optical instrument used to isolate and select a narrow range of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of...
whispering gallery mode
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) refers to a phenomenon in wave physics, particularly in optics, where waves, such as light or...
junction diode
A semiconductor device with the property of conducting current more easily in one direction than the other. It has two...
spectral repeatability
Spectral repeatability refers to the consistency and reproducibility of spectral measurements across multiple trials or...
spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is a technique used in the study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It involves...
heat treating
The process of subjecting glass to temperature cycling to produce physico-chemical reactions that alter its properties....
optical design software
Optical design software refers to specialized computer programs used by optical engineers, physicists, and designers to...
crystal
A solid with a structure that exhibits a basically symmetrical and geometrical arrangement. A crystal may already possess...
phonon
A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...
light-emitting diode
An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...
null process
Commonly performed in spectroscopy, the optical null process is a method for radiation detection whereby physical detectors...
infrared thermal detector
Used to detect radiation from the infrared region. The functional process includes absorption of infrared radiation, which...
extrinsic joint loss
Synonym of extrinsic fiber loss.
vacuum chamber
A vacuum chamber is a sealed enclosure from which air and other gases are removed to create a low-pressure environment,...
direct laser interference patterning
Also called DLIP, a high-speed, high-resolution processing technique that uses high-power, pulsed laser systems to directly...
waveguide
A waveguide is a physical structure or device that is designed to confine and guide electromagnetic waves, such as radio...
momentum transfer
In physics, momentum transfer is the amount of momentum transferred from one particle to another during particle collision...
optical thickness
The physical thickness times the refractive index.
CCD image sensor
A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...
electron power tube
An electron-beam tube with power-handling capability that is essentially based on controlled electron beams. Its control and...
precision aperture
An accurately produced hole of any size and shape that is used as a masking device in an optical system. Pinhole apertures...
modulator
A modulator is a device or component that modifies a carrier signal in order to encode information for transmission over a...
enhanced Faraday effect
The occurrence of very large rotations in transparent materials at weak magnetic fields as predicted in the classical...
wavelength
Electromagnetic energy is transmitted in the form of a sinusoidal wave. The wavelength is the physical distance covered by...
virtual reality
Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment or experience that can be...
astronomical spectroscopy
The process of using a spectrograph with a telescope to acquire information on an astronomical object's speed and physical...
attenuation
Attenuation refers to the gradual loss or reduction of intensity, force, or magnitude of a particular property as it...
Michelson-Morley experiment
An optical experiment carried out conclusively in 1887 that demonstrated that the ether, a hypothetical medium postulated by...
optical constructor
A system of modular mechanical components for building precision optical systems. The basic equipment includes a variety of...
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry and physics to study vibrational, rotational, and other...
quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of secure communication that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to...
resonance
Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...
III-V material
In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from...
color center
A color center, in the context of materials science and condensed matter physics, refers to a specific type of...
plasma accelerator
A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...
free-space optics
Free-space optics (FSO), also known as optical wireless communication or optical wireless networking, refers to the...
sputtering target
A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...
geometric image
The position and shape of the image of a point source, as predicted by geometric optics alone. The geometric image is to be...
computer graphics workstation
The physical area containing an assembly of computer graphics equipment for presenting generated images and allowing...
microbubble resonator
A microbubble resonator is a device used in photonics and optical physics for the precise manipulation of light waves. It...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy
Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...
optical grating
An optical grating, in the context of optics and physics, refers to a device with a periodic structure of closely spaced,...
nanotube
A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...
femtosecond laser
A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...
spectrophotometer
A spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the intensity of light at various wavelengths in the...
fiber-coupled LED
A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...
3D laser triangulation
3D Laser Triangulation - A technology that allows sensors to probe the surroundings. Laser triangulation systems have an...
x-ray optics
The study of the physics of x-rays, where the x-rays exhibit properties similar to those of lightwaves. Also called Roentgen...
FTIR spectrometer
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...
reflective spectroscopy
Reflectance spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the reflective properties of materials across various wavelengths of...
Wiener filtering
A method that embraces the classical approach to image restoration and attempts to minimize the mean square difference...
speckle metrology
Refers to the variety of techniques that use the interference pattern produced by laser light diffusely reflected by an...
infrared detector
An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...
microfluidics
Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the manipulation and control of very small fluid volumes, typically...
fiber laser
A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...
Hefner unit lamp
A gas lamp used in the early 1900s as a physical standard for measurement of luminous intensity. The Hefner unit was...
plasma physics
The study of highly ionized gases. Many phenomena not exhibited by uncharged gases are associated with plasma physics.
micro-optical coherence tomography
Micro-optical coherence tomography (micro-OCT) is an imaging technique that is an adaptation of optical coherence tomography...
dewetting
Dewetting is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where a thin film or coating spontaneously undergoes a process of...
instantaneous field of view
Instantaneous field of view (iFOV) is a term commonly used in the context of remote sensing, imaging systems, and optical...
metaverse
The term "metaverse" refers to a collective virtual shared space, created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical...
resonator
A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance, which is a phenomenon that occurs when an external force or...
piezoresistance
Piezoresistance is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where the electrical resistance of a material changes in...
homogeneous broadening
The broadening of a laser's line width in a way that affects every atom (or molecule), and thus the whole system, in the...
digital camera
A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...
quantum-ehanced metrology
Quantum-enhanced metrology refers to the use of quantum mechanics principles and techniques to enhance the precision and...
overall distance
The physical distance, measured along the optical axis, from the object to the image. Also called overall length.
anisotropic
Anisotropic is a term used to describe a material or substance that exhibits different properties or behaviors in different...
self-phase modulation
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that occurs when an intense laser beam passes through a...
thermistor
A solid-state semiconducting structure (basically one of the bolometers) that changes electrical resistance with...
fiber Bragg grating
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of optical filter that is inscribed or "written" into the core of an optical fiber. It...
optical blacking
A light absorbing material applied to ground optical surfaces during the process of making that surface non reflective. Such...
structural color
Structural color refers to coloration in materials that is not caused by pigments or dyes but is instead a result of the...
atomic absorption spectrometer
An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...
otoscope
An otoscope is a medical device used by healthcare professionals, particularly ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists,...
thin-film coating
Thin-film coatings are layers of material applied to the surface of an object or substrate, typically to modify its optical,...
scanning electron microscope
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful imaging instrument used in scientific research, materials...
synchrotron
A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...
fluence
Fluence is a term used in various scientific and technical disciplines to describe the amount of something per unit area....
laser ablation
Laser ablation is a process that involves the removal or erosion of material from a target surface using laser energy. This...
angstrom
An angstrom, symbolized by the Ångström or Å, is a unit of length used to express atomic and molecular...
luminescence
Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...
interferometer
An instrument that employs the interference of lightwaves to measure the accuracy of optical surfaces; it can measure a...
Golgi Staining Technique
The Golgi staining technique (also called the black reaction) makes it possible to look at the nervous system by rendering...
Nernst glower
A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...
photodischarge spectroscopy
A spectroscopic process that detects and analyzes the discharge from an extrinsic surface with less than bandgap light. This...
quantum confinement
Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...
silicon carbide light-emitting diodes
Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...
photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...
optics of material
The area of optics that deals with the interaction of light with a given material. The optical properties of material are...
3D printing
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a manufacturing process that builds three-dimensional objects...
micrometer
1. The SI unit of length equal to 10-6 m. Also called micron. 2. A screw thread device used to make accurate physical linear...
frequency comb
A frequency comb is a precise and regular series of equally spaced spectral lines, or frequencies, that are generated with...
basic roughness
The roughness profile shape from which light scattering is expected to occur.
spectral signature
A spectral signature, in the context of remote sensing and spectroscopy, refers to the unique pattern or characteristic...
phase-only filter
A type of matched filter that responds only to the phase of incoming light; the output has a much greater intensity than...
source
A physical source of radiation, as contrasted to illuminant. See illuminant.
analog
A physical variable that is proportionally similar to another variable over a specified range. An analog recording contains...
paraboloidal mirror
A concave mirror that has the form of a paraboloid of revolution. The paraboloidal mirror may have only a portion of a...
arc flash
An arc flash is a sudden release of electrical energy due to an electric arc — a continuous, high-current discharge of...
functional material
Functional materials refer to materials that possess specific properties or functionalities that make them suitable for...
Pockels cell
A Pockels cell, also known as an electro-optic modulator, is an optical device used to control the polarization of light by...
extrinsic fiber loss
A type of optical fiber loss resulting from the misalignment of fibers in a splice or connector.
vesicular image
An image with variations in density due to the differential scattering ability of microscopic bubbles in a transparent layer.
biometrics
Biometrics refers to the automated recognition of individuals based on their physiological or behavioral characteristics....
germanium crystal
Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...
photoplethysmography
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect changes in blood volume in tissues. It...
optical clock
An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...
molded blank
A blank whose basic surface curves are attained by heating and forming a given weight of raw glass; a rough glass blank...
laser
A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...
positive-intrinsic-negative diode
international candle
A unit of measurement of luminous intensity based on a physical standard, a set of calibrated carbon filament lamps. The old...
overcoat
A layer of material applied to a coated surface to protect it from physical or chemical action.
absorbance
The natural log of the ratio of absorbed intensity over the total intensity which gives a constant value assuming a stable...
lensless microscopy
Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...
solar array
A group of solar cells that are electrically contacted and physically arranged so that they may be oriented in the direction...
single-molecule FRET
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...
remote sensing
Remote sensing is a method of data collection and observation where information about objects, areas, or phenomena on...
optical Fourier transform
The optical Fourier transform is a mathematical operation applied to optical signals that involves transforming a spatial...
thermography
Thermography is a technique that involves the use of an infrared imaging device, called a thermal camera or infrared camera,...
electromagnetic spectrum
The total range of wavelengths, extending from the shortest to the longest wavelength or conversely, that can be generated...
Kerr effect
The Kerr effect, named after the physicist John Kerr who first observed it in 1875, is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where...
electro-optics
1. The branch of physics that deals with the use of electrical energy to create or manipulate light waves, generally by...
correspondence theory
Bohr's formulation that every new theoretical principle must correspond to the salient classical predecessor. The principle...
photonic integrated circuit
A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and...
optical gate
An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...
microfilm camera
A camera used to reduce originals onto film for easy storage. There are two basic types: one in which the film is fixed...
laser velocimeter signal detection
The variation of the electronically detected signal with respect to the scaled version of the classical optical signal...
optical switching
Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...
dichroic coating
A dichroic coating, also known as a dichroic filter or dichroic mirror, is an optical coating designed to selectively...
neuromorphic
Neuromorphic refers to the design and development of computing systems or devices that are inspired by the structure and...
emission spectrum
An emission spectrum is a graphical representation or a characteristic pattern of the wavelengths or frequencies of light...
de Broglie wavelength
The concept of the de Broglie wavelength exploits the wave-particle duality of quantum physics by associating all matter (of...
material scattering
The total scattering attributable to the intrinsic properties of the materials through which an optical wave is propagating.
pressing
A blank having basic surface curves attained by forming heat-softened glass that is pressed in a mold.
optogenetics
A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...
photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain accurate three-dimensional measurements of objects and environments through the...
positronium
Basically, a hydrogen atom with two alterations, positronium is the lightest atom in the universe and has an extremely light...
photomask
A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in...
subtractive color process
The basic process of color photography whereby colors are subtracted from white light by means of filters, making all colors...
nuclear fusion
In physics, nuclear fusion refers to the process in which two atomic nuclei come together to form a heavier nucleus,...
digital signal processing
Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...
autocollimator
An autocollimator is an optical instrument used for measuring small angular deviations with high precision. It operates on...
photolithography
Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...
fluorescence lifetime
Fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time it takes for a fluorophore, a molecule that absorbs light at one wavelength...
intrinsic photoemission
The photoemission that would occur if a crystal were pure and its structure perfect.
Mie scattering
Mie scattering, named after the German physicist Gustav Mie, refers to the scattering of electromagnetic radiation (such as...
quasi-linear theory
The first nonlinear theory in plasma physics that details the time and space evolution of plasma wave instability from a...
holographic microscopy
The holographic recording of a microscopic specimen whereby magnification is achieved by alteration in a wavelength or...
latent image
The pattern of physical or chemical changes that has taken place in a photographic emulsion, by its exposure to light, that...
laser marking
Laser marking is a process in which a laser beam is used to mark or engrave a surface by altering its properties or...
internal photoeffect
The effect in which photons are absorbed and excite the electrons; the electrons move from the valence band to the...
optical staining
With respect to microscopy, also called dispersive staining, optical staining the projection of colors through areas of a...
Rydberg atom
The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...
law of reversibility
In physics, the law of reversibility is often associated with the concept of reversibility in thermodynamics. The law...
extrinsic photoconductivity
Photoconductivity due to the addition of impurities or external causes.
network interface card
A network interface card (NIC), also known as a network adapter or LAN adapter, is a hardware component that allows...
backscatter
Backscatter refers to the phenomenon in which radiation or waves are scattered backward, opposite to the direction of the...
anisotropy
Anisotropy refers to the property of exhibiting different values or characteristics when measured in different directions....
acousto-optics
Discipline within optical physics that addresses sound vibration, phonon effects and their influencing behavior within...
excimer laser coronary angioplasty
Excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) refers to a medical procedure used in the treatment of coronary artery disease....
physical optics
The branch of science that treats light as a wave phenomenon wherein light propagation is studied by wavefronts rather than...
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is an optical device used to measure the phase difference between two collimated beams of...
metrology
Metrology is the science and practice of measurement. It encompasses the theoretical and practical aspects of measurement,...
raster unit
The vertical or horizontal distance between two addressable points on a display screen; indicates the basic resolution...
oscillography
The graphic recording of physical changes vs. time, in electrical quantities, using an oscilloscope.
transverse mode
In the context of optics and lasers, a transverse mode refers to a specific spatial pattern of the electric field within the...
astronomical photography
The use of photographs to record astronomical objects and phenomena for purposes of physical observation and measurement of...
synchrotron radiation
Radiation emitted by electrons when they travel in circular orbits at speeds close to that of light. Synchrotron radiation...
laser annealing
Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically...
primary fluorescence
Fluorescence produced as a result of the intrinsic property of the material itself or the doping of the material with trace...
x-ray spectrometer
An instrument designed to produce an x-ray spectrum of a material as an aid in identifying it. This technique is...
fiber optic gyroscope
A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...
extrinsic detector
A photodetector composed of a semiconductor material whose responsive properties can be altered by the addition of...
phenotype
In biology, particularly genetics and evolutionary biology, the phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits...
microscope immersion fluid
The liquid used in microscopy to fill the space between the high-power objective lens and the microscope slide in order to...
geometric optics
A field of physics that deals with light as if it truly were composed of rays diverging in various directions from the...
directed energy
Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...
optical comparator
Typically used for the examination of manufactured or engineered parts, an optical gauging device, in which a backlight is...
scaling law
In coherence theory, an optical law put forth by physicist Emil Wolf that explains the behavior of light as it travels away...
circular variable filter
An optical interference coating, vacuum-deposited on a circular substrate, whose transmission characteristics may be varied...
wave optics
Also referred to as physical optics - the area of optics in which the wave nature of light is essential when defining its...
single-photon emission computed tomography
A medical imaging method in which gamma camera heads rotate about the patient to detect radionuclides, enabling physicians...
photobiomodulation
A light therapy that utilizes nonionizing light sources, including lasers, LEDs, and broadband light, in the visible and...
solid-state laser
A solid-state laser is a type of laser that uses a solid gain medium (as opposed to a liquid or gas) to produce coherent...
interferometric modulator display
Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) is a type of display technology used in electronic devices, known for its energy...
Secondary Speckle Pattern
A self-interference effect that generates random patterns; secondary speckle pattern (SSP) typically occurs in diffuse...
data compression
A method of storing digital data using techniques that consume less memory space than basic methods do. See differential...
label-free
Label-free refers to a technique or method that does not require the use of additional labels, tags, or markers to detect or...
microelectromechanical systems
Refers to micron-size complex machines that have physical dimensions suitable for the fabrication of optical switches for...
quantum sensing
Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...
acutance
In photography, the density gradient across an edge separating light from darkness, a physically measurable quantity that...
physical vapor deposition
fiber fuse
A phenomenon in which high optical power, encountering an imperfection in an optical fiber, destroys the fiber's core and...
modulation
In general, changes in one oscillation signal caused by another, such as amplitude or frequency modulation in radio which...
MEMS fiber optic switch
A MEMS fiber optic switch is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device designed to selectively route optical signals...
holographic tomography
Holographic tomography is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and tomography to provide three-dimensional...
Collaborative Robot
Collaborative Robot (Cobot): Unlike traditional autonomous robots, which usually work by themselves, a collaborative robot...
fresnel
A unit of frequency equivalent to 1012 cps. Named for Augustin Jean Fresnel, a French physicist known for his work in light...
scintillation
1. The variation in intensity of a light beam as it travels through the atmosphere. 2. In radiation physics, a light flash...
thermograph
The instrument used to collect thermal radiation information on an object by scanning. It consists basically of a detector,...
thin-film deposition equipment
Thin-film deposition equipment refers to machinery and tools used in the process of depositing thin layers of material onto...
equivalent air path
When a block of glass (prism, window, filter, etc.) is placed into a converging light bundle, it increases the physical...
linear optics
Linear optics refers to the study and manipulation of light in a linear and deterministic manner, where the response of...
ultraviolet reflectance
Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...
mode-locked lasers
Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...
ion-beam sputtering
Ion-beam sputtering (IBS) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used for depositing thin films onto substrates. It...
crush strength
The physical limit of an optical fiber or cable to withstand an applied force or weight perpendicular to the axis of the...
time-correlated single photon counting
Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...
ladder diagram
A diagram that shows actual component signals and the basic wiring configuration of a relay logic circuit.
multiplet
A group of related lines that represent transitions between two spectroscopic terms, each of which may be complex. Also in...
Bose-Einstein condensate
A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...
infrared camera
An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...
quantum well
A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...
optical design and engineering services
Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...
metameric match
Visual equivalence of physically (usually spectrally) different stimuli.
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and measure the presence of specific...
capacitor
A device that accumulates and stores electrical energy to introduce capacitance into a circuit. Basically, it is composed of...
transducer
A transducer is a device or component that converts one form of energy into another. It is commonly used in various fields,...
quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where two or more particles become correlated to such an extent...
whole slide imaging
Whole slide imaging (WSI), also known as virtual slide microscopy or digital pathology, is a technology that involves the...
intrinsic joint loss
Loss intrinsic to the fiber caused by parameter (core dimension, profile parameter) mismatches when two nonidentical fibers...
mechanical tube length
In a microscope, the physical distance between the focal points of the objective lens and the eyepiece. The standard tube...
magnetron sputtering
A variation from standard physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating techniques, magnetron sputtering is a plasma coating...
MSM photodiode
A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...
intrinsic photoconductivity
The absorption of a photon raising an electron across the forbidden gap from valence to conduction band of the semiconductor...
particle acceleration
Particle acceleration refers to the process by which charged particles, such as electrons or protons, gain kinetic energy...
quantum
The term quantum refers to the fundamental unit or discrete amount of a physical quantity involved in interactions at the...
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
A method of studying the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules (typically living tissue and chemical...
fused quartz and silica
Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...
qubit
A qubit, short for quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing and quantum information...
source correlation
The relationship between different wavelengths of light generated by a source, which may affect the spectral distribution of...
fiber optic sensor
A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...
calorimetry
Calorimetry is a branch of science that involves the measurement of heat flow in physical or chemical processes. It...
chirped-pulse amplification
Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is a technique used in laser physics to amplify ultrashort laser pulses to high energies...
photoresist
Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...
reactive evaporation
Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...
fiber optic transceiver
A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...
design and engineering consulting services
Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...
piezoelectric motion systems
Piezoelectric motion systems are mechanical systems that utilize piezoelectric materials to generate controlled motion or...
optical tweezers
Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...
kinematics
That portion of physics concerned with motion in the abstract, such as of points or space figures, and separated from its...
fluorophore
A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...
telemeter
1. The term used to describe any of the many instruments used to remotely record physical dimensions, such as strain,...
emission spectroscopy
A study of the energies and wavelengths of radiation emitted by atoms and molecules when particular physical conditions are...
cold atom
Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...
disc laser
A laser having a rod that is a stacked array of discs immersed in a transparent flowing coolant fluid. In this way, the...
sputtering equipment
Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
recombinase polymerase amplification
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...
forensic photography
The application of ultraviolet, x-ray, infrared and conventional photography to law enforcement.
superresolution
Superresolution refers to the enhancement or improvement of the spatial resolution beyond the conventional limits imposed by...
internet of things
The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...
exciton
An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique that extends traditional Raman spectroscopy by incorporating...
electrical length
Expression of the length of a transmission medium in terms of wavelengths of the propagating wavelength. In general,...
Fizeau fringes
Fizeau fringes are interference fringes observed in an interferometer, specifically in a Fizeau interferometer. The Fizeau...
Maxwell's equations
The mathematical set of equations showing the relationship between oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are...
additive manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a manufacturing process that involves creating three-dimensional...
optical analysis
The mathematical evaluation of an optical system to determine and quantify its basic optical properties and image quality...
digital twin
A digital twin refers to a virtual representation or digital counterpart of a physical object, system, or process. This...

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