1. A device designed to convert the energy of incident radiation into another form for the determination of the presence of the radiation. The device may function by electrical, photographic or visual means. 2. A device that provides an electric...

A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

An optical barcode reader, commonly known as a barcode scanner, is a device that uses optical technology to capture and...

Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...

Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...

A crystal consisting of a substance that has the ability to become electrically polarized and has strong piezoelectric...

A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...

A crystal that is characterized by its relatively poor electrical conductance.

A panel of photoconductive and electroluminescent layers used as either a positive or negative image intensifier, depending...

A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch for AC loads.

Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

A dielectric ceramic material used in laser capillary tubes because of its high electrical resistivity and high thermal...

A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...

A laser that relies on chemical activity instead of electrical energy to produce the pumping action necessary to form pulses...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...

A thin film of absorbing or nonabsorbing layers in which the absorption of radiation at any point is directly proportional...

A transistor designed to respond to either light or electrical signals.

The light spectrum formed by an explosive reaction or by the electrical explosion of a metallic wire by a strong current.

A device consisting of a disc with a spiral arrangement of holes that is used to convert visible patterns into electrical...

One of the electrodes used to focus the electron beam of a cathode-ray tube. As the electrode's voltage is changed, its...

Photon flow created by imaging of light into a detector array; IPD is the electrical signal used by the image processor in a...

An impurity in a material that is capable of inducing electrical conduction in that material by transferring an electron to...

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...

The control of an instrument or electrical circuit by the current produced by varying radiation incident to a photoelectric...

A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...

Imaging materials that generally consist of a polyester base, a transparent electrically conductive layer and an organic...

A phototube that functions within a vacuum and thus eliminates the effects of gaseous ionization on its electrical...

A technology that uses electrically activated holograms stored within specially developed crystals to route information in...

A source made to glow by electrons that are produced either electrically or by isotopes of various elements.

A mechanical, electrical, thermal or optical detector designed to identify and measure ultrasonic radiation.

Expression of the length of a transmission medium in terms of wavelengths of the propagating wavelength. In general,...

The disordered, glassy solid state of a substance, as distinguished from the highly ordered crystalline solid state....

A device used to transmit and receive images that have been converted to electrical signals over regular telephone lines; it...

The nonthermal conversion of electrical energy into light in a liquid or solid substance. The photon emission resulting from...

A semiconductor device with the property of conducting current more easily in one direction than the other. It has two...

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are a group of seventeen chemical elements found in the Earth's crust, characterized by their...

Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

A device designed to measure electromotive force or electrical difference potential.

Refers to the transistors in which the working current flows through only one type of semiconductor material, either P-type...

The arc formed when the rare gas xenon is excited electrically and emits a brilliant white light. Xenon is used to fill...

In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...

An accelerometer is a sensor or transducer that measures the rate of change of velocity of an object, or in simpler terms,...

Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....

A camera tube that employs a high-velocity electron beam to scan a photoemissive mosaic and to store electrical charge...

An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains...

The process of heating and slowly cooling a solid material, like glass or metal, to stabilize its thermal, electrical or...

Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...

The use of an applied electrical field to focus a cathode-ray tube's electron beam.

An instrument that transforms heat energy into electrical energy.

An arc flash is a sudden release of electrical energy due to an electric arc — a continuous, high-current discharge of...

Pertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation...

Functional materials refer to materials that possess specific properties or functionalities that make them suitable for...

An interface in an optical network that permits an optical signal to pass without changing the optical signal to an...

A Pockels cell in which electrical current is applied in a direction orthogonally to that of the light beam.

Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...

A system used to measure very small displacement by electrical means.

Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...

The electrical resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of one volt, applied...

The finite amount of electrical charge generated in response to incident radiation and transferred from one storage element...

An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...

A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...

Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...

An operational mode for radiometers that analogs the method of operation of an angstrom pyrheliometer. In this mode, the...

The emission of radiant energy produced by the passage of an electrical current through an appropriate electrolyte in which...

In a laser, the voltage necessary to initiate electrical discharge, somewhat higher than that needed to sustain it.

A laser in which the transition involved in stimulated emission of radiation takes place between two levels of an ionized...

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...

An electrically excited laser having carbon monoxide as the lasing material and in which lasing occurs in a partial...

A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....

The phenomenon that makes nonlinear the mathematical expression for the electrical polarization of a medium through which...

The product of Avogadro's constant and the electrical charge of an electron; thus, the electrical charge carried by 1 gmol...

A relay that opens or closes an electrical circuit depending on the intensity of the light incident to a photoelectric...

The interaction between electrical and mechanical stress-strain factors in a material. When piezoelectric crystal is...

A television camera tube in which a low-velocity electron beam scans a photoactive mosaic that has been created by an...

A device for converting sunlight into electrical energy, consisting of a sandwich of P-type and N-type semiconducting...

A device that uses electromagnetic fields to separate electrically charged particles according to their masses. As a beam of...

In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...

An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...

Anisotropic is a term used to describe a material or substance that exhibits different properties or behaviors in different...

The light flash that occurs when an electrical field is applied to a phosphor already excited by ultraviolet radiation.

A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...

Any lamp whose emission of radiant energy is dependent upon the passage of an electrical current through the emissive medium.

The photographic recording of an image formed by the alteration in electrical properties of the sensitive materials and...

1. The branch of physics that deals with the use of electrical energy to create or manipulate light waves, generally by...

For light incident on a plane boundary between two regions having different refractive indices, the angle of incidence at...

A device used to measure the opening time of a shutter. The most common devices depend on the charging or discharging of an...

A cell filled with a transparent material that, when placed in a strong electrical field, exhibits double refraction. Since...

Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...

A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....

Epitaxial refers to the growth of a crystalline layer on a crystalline substrate in such a way that the orientation of the...

An experimental model of an electrical circuit or complex assembly; a prototype.

The movement of particles or ions in a solution toward the electrode having the opposite sign because of the application of...

The application of observed operational processes of sophisticated living organisms to mechanical and electrical systems in...

A device that detects radiation by utilizing the influence of light in forming an electrical signal. It may be a phototube;...

A detector array refers to a collection of individual detector elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid or matrix format....

Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...

Radiation emitted from vibrating charged particles. A combination of oscillating electrical and magnetic fields that...

A device having electrical resistance and used in an electric current for purposes of protection, operation or control of...

A device used to scan, with a small, intensely bright spot, portions of a picture surface and to transform the original...

The ratio of emitted optical power of a source to the input electrical power.

Thin-film coatings are layers of material applied to the surface of an object or substrate, typically to modify its optical,...

Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

A device composed of dissimilar metals that, when welded together, develop a small voltage dependent upon the relative...

Pixel binning, also known as pixel merging or pixel combining, is a technique used in digital imaging and camera technology....

Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

The graphic recording of physical changes vs. time, in electrical quantities, using an oscilloscope.

Device that operates by interaction of incident radiation with semiconductor based material in order to produce an...

A photodetector in which an electrical charge is produced when incident photons change electrons within the detecting...

Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...

A bandpass filter with piezoelectric crystal components for the passage or impedance of electrical signals of various...

Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...

An interferometer that functions by first detecting the light striking each aperture and then combining the two detector...

A very uncommon lamp in which a tungsten electrode is heated to incandescence by a radio-frequency electrical current.

An array of active optical devices (modulators, laser diodes and/or detectors), each of whose electrical inputs or outputs...

In an optical fiber or waveguide communications system, an optoelectronic device or module that receives an optical signal,...

A wave in the electromagnetic spectrum that has both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.

Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...

The coupling of laser or light beams via nonlinear optical techniques such as four-wave mixing to achieve spatial variation...

A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...

Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...

A probe card is a testing device used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to evaluate and test the electrical...

A device that produces brief flashes of light for observing the behavior of an object during a short interval. One of the...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

A beam of light whose electrical field amplitude distribution is Gaussian. When such a beam is circular in cross section,...

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is an international standard for medical imaging created by both the...

A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....

A thermometric instrument used for the detection and measurement of radiant energy. Its essential component is a short...

A system in which the electrical signal embedded within an audio input signal is converted to a modulated light pattern and...

The electrical distribution that serves to influence an electron beam in the same way that an optical lens affects a light...

Pockels cell or dynamic optical retarder in which the electrical field is applied in a direction parallel to that of light...

A charge-injection device (CID) refers to a class of devices that manipulate and detect electrical charge within a...

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...

1. A single unit in a device for changing radiant energy to electrical energy or for controlling current flow in a circuit....

The use of a reflective device, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials including gases, solids, dyes, aerosols,...

A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...

A two-electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with...

Thermography is a technique that involves the use of an infrared imaging device, called a thermal camera or infrared camera,...

An electrical problem that occurs when voltage is not the same with respect to ground at every node of a system, causing...

In a gas, an electrical discharge that has no luminance.

Ferroelectric materials are a type of dielectric materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, meaning they...

Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...

An OLED display formed by creating an array of OLED pixels connected by intersecting anode and cathode conductors arranged...

With respect to display systems, a device that uses an independent light source and a control-layer medium, the active...

A volumetric electrical charge resulting from a flow of charged particles across a gap.

A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

The region at the PN junction in a semiconductor radiation detector where the potential energies of the two materials create...

The electrical power used to stimulate any light source. Power supplies may be step-up or step-down transformers; rectifiers...

A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....

A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...

The ability of a conductor to store an electrical charge; its value is given in farads as the ratio of the stored charge on...

The control of free electron movement through the use of electrical or magnetic fields, and use of this electron movement in...

The ability of an electrical current to destroy superconductivity by means of the magnetic field generated by the current....

The minimum electrical current input needed to initiate lasing.

A Peltier cooler, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or thermoelectric module, is a solid-state device that uses...

An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...

In a fiber optic transmission system, the conversion of received optical pulses directly to an electrical signal.

The reproduction of a picture or image, produced by scanning the image and converting it into electrical signals that carry...

A fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna (FCPA) is a type of optoelectronic device that combines a photoconductive antenna...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

A compact high-pressure light source in which an electrical discharge between electrodes spaced no more than 12 mm apart...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...

A device used to measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. It utilizes the Lorentz force...

Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...

A scintillation detector is a radiation detection device that utilizes scintillation crystals to detect and measure ionizing...

A vacuum tube in which a magnetic field is superimposed onto the tube's electrical field. When the two fields are aligned,...

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

A solid-state semiconducting structure (basically one of the bolometers) that changes electrical resistance with...

The property exhibited by a substance having electrical conductivity that decreases as the intensity of the incident visible...

The central hole running the full length of a laser capillary tube, in which electrical discharge and laser action take...

A system in which a supplied signal causes the deflection of the electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, thus forming a visible...

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...

Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...

A small incandescent lamp whose intense beam is focused on the optical soundtrack of a motion picture film. The soundtrack...

A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...

A measurement technique used to determine the spatial distribution profile of an electrical or optical quantity of interest...

An electrically conductive layer for carrying off static charges that might accumulate on a surface.

A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...

In a laser, the series resistance necessary for a stable electrical discharge.

A photoelectrically controlled, alphanumeric reading device that converts characters to audible or sorting signals which can...

The study of the reversible conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Electroplating is an electrochemical...

A solid-state device, composed of silicon, that is used to convert radiation into electrical energy.

An X-Y electrically addressable series of arrays with individual electron emitters bombarding a phosphor-coated transparent...

That voltage required across a Pockels, Kerr or other electro-optic light modulator to retard one polarization electrical...

A photoconductive cell consisting of a layer of selenium on a substrate whose electrical resistance varies with the...

A crucible made of electrically resistive material through which a current is passed to heat the material inside, which then...

Die bonding is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics assembly, where a semiconductor die or...

An electron tube whose electrical characteristics will not be affected by gaseous ionization because of its high degree of...

Piezoresistance is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where the electrical resistance of a material changes in...

A document-transmitting process that uses a cylinder that rotates the document to be scanned and detected by a photoelectric...

An electrical or optical device used to convert color coordinates.

The method by which photographic film is scanned by an electron beam. One technique uses the uniform light of a television...

A photodiode detector is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It operates based on the...

A microscope that uses a flying spot scanner, directed through the eyepiece, as a light source to determine the features of...

A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...

The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...

Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exhibits properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid...

The element that resembles a lightweight metal, but when very pure, has a very high electrical resistance and is transparent...

A scintillation crystal, also known simply as a scintillator, is a material that emits light when it interacts with ionizing...

The process by which the light from the images of photographic film is encoded into electrical signals for video...

A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...

Piezoelectric transducers are devices that utilize the piezoelectric effect to convert electrical energy into mechanical...

Anisotropy refers to the property of exhibiting different values or characteristics when measured in different directions....

A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...

A series of solar cells arranged to collect solar radiation and to generate a given amount of electrical energy.

A furnace, generally electrically heated, with a control system capable of following a cam by which the temperature can be...

A device that converts stored electrical energy into light by means of a sudden electrical discharge.

The force that stimulates the emission of an electrical current when photovoltaic action creates a potential difference...

A mode possessing components of both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.

An electrochemical process of metal fabrication using an electrolyte, an anode to supply the metal, and a control of the...

The change in the refractive index of a material under the influence of an electrical field.

The effect produced by electrical charges or fields alone, without interaction with magnetic influence.

Exhibiting the characteristic of materials that are electrical insulators or in which an electric field can be sustained...

Also known as TEA laser. A coherent optical source with a wide wavelength range in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet...

A device that accumulates and stores electrical energy to introduce capacitance into a circuit. Basically, it is composed of...

In electrical equipment, power variations that are temporary (as opposed to the permanent, cumulative effects of drift).

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...

The utilization of the light produced when electrical energy is directly converted into light within devices used for visual...

An alien, electrically charged atomic system in a solid; an ion substituted for the constituent atom or ion in a crystal...

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

A laser that has a surface-emitting semiconductor gain element coupled to an external mirror designed to complete the laser...

A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...

A technique that uses the passage of an electrical current through a recording medium to produce a permanent image on that...

A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...

An optogenetic technique that embeds genetically-engineered proteins to the heart to aid in terminating arrhythmias. After...

A metal, alloy or compound that loses its electrical resistance at temperatures below a certain transition temperature...

LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...

The part of an electrical circuit in which the electrons leave (a cathode-ray tube) or enter (an electrolytic cell) a unit...

A photoelectrical relay that uses a phototube as its photoelectric device to open and close an electrical relay; used to...

Coating carried out in a sealed chamber evacuated by a mechanical pump in series with an oil diffusion pump to a pressure...

The instrument used to collect thermal radiation information on an object by scanning. It consists basically of a detector,...

Radiation that does not produce free electrons and ions, or electrically charged particles.

1. The negative electrode of a device in an electrical circuit. 2. The positive electrode of a primary cell or storage...

The splitting or shifting of spectral lines or energy levels caused by the application of a strong transverse electrical...

That branch of science involved in the study and utilization of the motion, emissions and behaviors of currents of...

A lamp that emits light as the result of the passage of an electrical current through ionized cesium vapor.

In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...

Any material that derives its energy from chemically or electrically induced reactions; isotope or radium excitation is used...

A mechanical or electrical-electromagnetic device for periodically interrupting or blocking abeam of light for a brief known...

A cable assembly containing both optical fibers and copper electrical conductors in the same jacket.

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...

A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser by supplying electrical energy to the electron beam...

A group of solar cells that are electrically contacted and physically arranged so that they may be oriented in the direction...

Sapphire refers to a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that is used in various optical and photonic applications...

Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically...

Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...

A transducer is a device or component that converts one form of energy into another. It is commonly used in various fields,...

The electrical arc formed between metal rods that emits the spectrum of the metal itself. Commonly used in the chemical...

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...

Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...

A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...

Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...

An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...

Discharge that results when a doped semiconductor crystal with a PN junction is charged with a low-voltage direct current....