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electric Dictionary Terms

gas discharge
The conduction of electricity in a gas as a result of the ions generated by collisions between electrons and gas molecules.
photoelectric colorimeter
A system having a photoelectric detector for the measurement of three quantities related by linear combination to...
electroluminescence
The nonthermal conversion of electrical energy into light in a liquid or solid substance. The photon emission resulting from...
thin-film coating
Thin-film coatings are layers of material applied to the surface of an object or substrate, typically to modify its optical,...
convergent beam sensing mode
A type of photoelectric proximity mode sensing incorporating a lens system to focus the light from the emitter in a small,...
Maxwell's equations
The mathematical set of equations showing the relationship between oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are...
elliptically polarized light
A light beam whose electric vectors are broken into two elements of unlike amplitudes that are perpendicular to each other...
anisotropic
Anisotropic is a term used to describe a material or substance that exhibits different properties or behaviors in different...
photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...
computer-calculated diffraction pattern
The use of computer analysis in the calculation of diffraction patterns for information on the design of optical systems. In...
infrared light-emitting diode
An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a semiconductor device that emits infrared light when an electric current...
spectrophotoelectric
Characteristic of the relationship between photoelectric activity and the wavelength of incident radiation.
electrophoretic display
An electrophoretic display, often referred to as an electronic paper display or e-paper display, is a type of electronic...
electrolysis
Conduction of an electric current through a chemical compound in its natural state, solution or as a molten, to decompose...
driving current
The minimum electrical current input needed to initiate lasing.
donor
An impurity in a material that is capable of inducing electrical conduction in that material by transferring an electron to...
CMOS camera
A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...
flasher
A device that is designed to automatically turn electric lamps on and off in a rapidly repeating sequence. The device may...
hard coating
Usually a dielectric coating on glass or plastic optics; a coating that is comparable in hardness to glass itself.
electron-beam film scanning
The method by which photographic film is scanned by an electron beam. One technique uses the uniform light of a television...
fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna
A fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna (FCPA) is a type of optoelectronic device that combines a photoconductive antenna...
electromagnetic wave
Wave of radiation identified by individual fluctuations of electric and magnetic fields.
scanning head
A device composed of a light source and phototube used to scan a moving strip of material in photoelectric side-register...
functional material
Functional materials refer to materials that possess specific properties or functionalities that make them suitable for...
absorption lens
An optical lens manufactured to control the transmission of light over a specified wavelength range. Low absorption lenses...
focusing anode
One of the electrodes used to focus the electron beam of a cathode-ray tube. As the electrode's voltage is changed, its...
solar cell
A device for converting sunlight into electrical energy, consisting of a sandwich of P-type and N-type semiconducting...
electrical length
Expression of the length of a transmission medium in terms of wavelengths of the propagating wavelength. In general,...
photoelastic constant
A formulaic description of the linear change of the reciprocal optical dielectric tensor with either stress or strain.
plasmonics
Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...
charge-injection device
A charge-injection device (CID) refers to a class of devices that manipulate and detect electrical charge within a...
annealing
The process of heating and slowly cooling a solid material, like glass or metal, to stabilize its thermal, electrical or...
chemical laser
A laser that relies on chemical activity instead of electrical energy to produce the pumping action necessary to form pulses...
London equations
The partial differential equations for the spatial and time dependence of electric and magnetic fields inside a...
ultramicrometer
A system used to measure very small displacement by electrical means.
Peltier cooler
A Peltier cooler, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or thermoelectric module, is a solid-state device that uses...
Gudden-Pohl effect
The light flash that occurs when an electrical field is applied to a phosphor already excited by ultraviolet radiation.
bolometer
A thermometric instrument used for the detection and measurement of radiant energy. Its essential component is a short...
piezoresistance
Piezoresistance is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where the electrical resistance of a material changes in...
bandgap
In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....
color comparator
1. A device used in chemistry to compare the colors of solutions held in flat-bottomed tubes and viewed along the length of...
slab-dielectric waveguide
A waveguide with a rectangular cross section that is composed entirely of dielectric materials.
ballast resistance
In a laser, the series resistance necessary for a stable electrical discharge.
flying spot microscope
A microscope that uses a flying spot scanner, directed through the eyepiece, as a light source to determine the features of...
beam profiling
Beam profiling is a technique used to characterize and analyze the spatial intensity distribution of a laser beam. It...
skew angle
The angle at which photoelectric sensors are aligned to prevent light from being reflected back to the sensor from the...
electro-optics
1. The branch of physics that deals with the use of electrical energy to create or manipulate light waves, generally by...
semitransparent photocathode
A photocathode that receives radiation from one side and emits a photoelectric current from the opposite side.
xenon arc
The arc formed when the rare gas xenon is excited electrically and emits a brilliant white light. Xenon is used to fill...
common-mode voltage
An electrical problem that occurs when voltage is not the same with respect to ground at every node of a system, causing...
lag
A term applied to an electric charge image in a camera tube that remains for a period of a few frames after its initial...
profilometry
Measurement of surface roughness or quality through the use of a diamond-pointed stylus connected to a coil in an electric...
nonionizing radiation
Radiation that does not produce free electrons and ions, or electrically charged particles.
illuminometer
A photometric instrument used to measure the illumination falling on a surface. It may be photoelectric or visual.
stroboscope
A device that produces brief flashes of light for observing the behavior of an object during a short interval. One of the...
electric arc
 photoelectric photometry
The use of photoelectric sensors to detect and measure the intensity of a light source. This application, as compared to...
electric vector
The electric field associated with an electromagnetic wave and thus with a lightwave. The electric vector specifies the...
reactive evaporation
Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
phonon
A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...
source efficiency
The ratio of emitted optical power of a source to the input electrical power.
packet
The finite amount of electrical charge generated in response to incident radiation and transferred from one storage element...
magneto-optic shutter
A type of high-speed photographic shutter that uses Faraday rotation to produce exposure times as fast as 1 microsecond. It...
arc flash
An arc flash is a sudden release of electrical energy due to an electric arc — a continuous, high-current discharge of...
hybrid electromagnetic wave
A wave in the electromagnetic spectrum that has both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.
fiber optic gyroscope
A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...
magnitude
In astronomy, the relative brightness of a celestial body. Originally a scale from 1 to 6, where 1 represented the brightest...
ferroelectric crystal
A crystal capable of being polarized in the reverse direction when an electric field is applied.
flashlamp
A device that converts stored electrical energy into light by means of a sudden electrical discharge.
optoelectronic transistor
A transistor that uses an electro-luminescent source, a transparent base and a photoelectric collector.
flying spot scanner
A device used to scan, with a small, intensely bright spot, portions of a picture surface and to transform the original...
Gaussian beam optics
The area of optics that deals with the propagation of Gaussian laser beams in free space, or any general medium - i.e....
electric stroboscope
 Lorentz oscillator model
The Lorentz oscillator model is a theoretical model used in physics to describe the response of a charged particle (such as...
CCD image sensor
A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...
single-photon avalanche diode
A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...
electric lamp
Any lamp whose emission of radiant energy is dependent upon the passage of an electrical current through the emissive medium.
dark discharge
In a gas, an electrical discharge that has no luminance.
electromodulation spectroscopy
A type of modulation spectroscopy that measures spectral reflectance or transmittance changes induced by applying a...
principal E-plane
The plane in which the axis of maximum radiation and the electric vector are contained.
graphene
Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...
infrared light source
An infrared light source is a device that emits light in the infrared spectrum, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of...
inertial confinement fusion
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method of achieving nuclear fusion, a process where two atomic nuclei combine to...
thick-film deposition
Successive layering of resistive, dielectric and conductive inks on a substrate by a type of screening process.
incandescent lamp
A lamp that emits light when an electric current passes through a resistant metallic wire situated in a vacuum tube.
unimorph
A piezoelectric transducer made of a thin strip of piezoelectric material bonded to a strip of metal.
deuterated triglycine sulfate
A type of pyroelectric detector with favorable qualities of linearity, sensitivity and spectral responsivity used in FTIR...
twisted nematic phase
A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...
diffuse sensing mode
Use of a photoelectric receiver to sense an object's presence by detecting a small amount of the emitter's light that is...
poling
The process of aligning the crystallites in a piezoelectric material by placing a large DC field across the element at an...
wafer
In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...
dielectric coated grating
A shallow, fine-pitch diffraction grating having a precise dielectric overcoating that experimentally has absorbed...
storage tube
A cathode-ray tube combined with an electrostatic storage unit that is used to introduce, store and retrieve information...
FC connector
The fiber optic connector standard for Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) installations, developed with Nippon Electric...
space charge
A volumetric electrical charge resulting from a flow of charged particles across a gap.
electrochemistry
The study of the reversible conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Electroplating is an electrochemical...
phototube
An electron tube having a photocathode for the emission of a photoelectric current.
Wiener experiment
After putting a thick photographic emulsion on a front-faced mirror, and exposing the emulsion to monochromatic incident...
particle acceleration
Particle acceleration refers to the process by which charged particles, such as electrons or protons, gain kinetic energy...
infrared detector
An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...
thermoelectric converter
An instrument that transforms heat energy into electrical energy.
photoelectric exposure meter
A device consisting of a microammeter, a photovoltaic cell and a battery. It is used for the measurement of scene brightness...
coated optics
Optical elements that have been coated with one or more layers of dielectric, or metallic material. These coatings serve to...
charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...
optical repeater
In an optical fiber or waveguide communications system, an optoelectronic device or module that receives an optical signal,...
siemens
The electric conductance of a conductor in which a current of 1 ampere is produced by an electric potential difference of 1...
azimuthal polarization
Azimuthal polarization refers to a specific polarization state of light where the electric field vector of the...
PIN photodiode
A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....
aureole
The indistinct, less luminous portion lying immediately outside an electric arc whose spectrum often differs from that of...
starting voltage
In a laser, the voltage necessary to initiate electrical discharge, somewhat higher than that needed to sustain it.
optoelectronics
Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...
PN-junction luminescence
Discharge that results when a doped semiconductor crystal with a PN junction is charged with a low-voltage direct current....
photoelectric receiver
An instrument that uses a photocell to detect and measure the intensity of incident light.
vertical-cavity laser diode
A type of surface-emitting laser diode that uses dielectric mirrors to produce surface emission. The laser cavity is...
silicon cell
A solid-state device, composed of silicon, that is used to convert radiation into electrical energy.
conduction band
A partially filled or empty energy band through which electrons can move easily. The material can therefore carry an...
quantum detector
A photodetector in which an electrical charge is produced when incident photons change electrons within the detecting...
electric CO laser
An electrically excited laser having carbon monoxide as the lasing material and in which lasing occurs in a partial...
dimmer
An electric or electronic device that regulates the voltage going to a light source as a means of varying the intensity of...
thermocouple
A device composed of dissimilar metals that, when welded together, develop a small voltage dependent upon the relative...
hybrid cable
A cable assembly containing both optical fibers and copper electrical conductors in the same jacket.
time-to-amplitude converter
A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...
ohm
The electrical resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of one volt, applied...
image intensifier
An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is an international standard for medical imaging created by both the...
Nernst glower
A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...
photoconductive effect
The alteration of electric conductivity produced by the absorption of varying amounts of radiation composed of photons.
transversely excited atmosphere laser
Also known as TEA laser. A coherent optical source with a wide wavelength range in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet...
quantum optics
The area of optics in which quantum theory is used to describe light in discrete units or "quanta" of energy known as...
optoisolator
An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains...
longitudinal field modulator
Pockels cell or dynamic optical retarder in which the electrical field is applied in a direction parallel to that of light...
bimorph
A type of piezoelectric translator that uses two thin strips of piezoelectric material, one expanding while the other...
thermograph
The instrument used to collect thermal radiation information on an object by scanning. It consists basically of a detector,...
piezo worm
A piezoelectric translator that moves up and down a spindle like a caterpillar. It clamps itself at one end, expands, clamps...
carbon arc
An electric discharge between two carbon rods that are touched together to start the arc and then separated slightly. The...
metalens
A metalens, short for "metasurface lens," is a type of optical lens that uses nanostructured materials to manipulate light...
electrostatic charge
The effect produced by electrical charges or fields alone, without interaction with magnetic influence.
optical nonlinearity
The phenomenon that makes nonlinear the mathematical expression for the electrical polarization of a medium through which...
Angstrom mode
An operational mode for radiometers that analogs the method of operation of an angstrom pyrheliometer. In this mode, the...
circular dichroism
Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...
tellurium
The material favored for study of interaction of high-acoustic intensities with free carriers. Tellurium is the...
cell
1. A single unit in a device for changing radiant energy to electrical energy or for controlling current flow in a circuit....
solenoid
In micropositioning, a remote positioning device in which an electric current drives a movable armature mounted on an...
direct detection
In a fiber optic transmission system, the conversion of received optical pulses directly to an electrical signal.
character read-out system
A photoelectrically controlled, alphanumeric reading device that converts characters to audible or sorting signals which can...
mercury arc
An electric arc that is formed in mercury vapor through which an electric current flows. The intensity of the illumination...
silicon photodiode
A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...
synchrotron
A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...
fiber laser
A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...
camera
A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...
photon drag effect
The induction of an electric field in a semiconductor by an incident laser beam. The technique has rapid response time at...
galvanometric scanner
A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...
photoelectric control
The control of an instrument or electrical circuit by the current produced by varying radiation incident to a photoelectric...
quantum cascade laser
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....
prefusing
A step before fusion splicing that involves cleaning the fiber end with low-current electricity.
electronics
That branch of science involved in the study and utilization of the motion, emissions and behaviors of currents of...
dielectric crystal
A crystal that is characterized by its relatively poor electrical conductance.
film scanning
The process by which the light from the images of photographic film is encoded into electrical signals for video...
self-luminous light source
Any material that derives its energy from chemically or electrically induced reactions; isotope or radium excitation is used...
Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh scattering is a phenomenon that occurs when light waves interact with particles or molecules that are much smaller...
photoelectric reader
An input device for a computer that detects and reads the data, in the form of punched holes in cards, by light that is...
sputtering equipment
Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
triac
A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch for AC loads.
intensity interferometer
An interferometer that functions by first detecting the light striking each aperture and then combining the two detector...
APD detector
An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...
optical fiber optic switches
Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...
laser contact tip
A surgical device used to deliver laser light. Specifically,contact tips are made with artificially grown sapphire which is...
high-vacuum tube
An electron tube whose electrical characteristics will not be affected by gaseous ionization because of its high degree of...
shutter speed tester
A device used to measure the opening time of a shutter. The most common devices depend on the charging or discharging of an...
linear positioning stage
A linear positioning stage, also known as a linear stage or translation stage, is a precision mechanical device used to...
dipole polarization
Electric polarization characterized by homogeneous polar dielectrics and ascribed to the position of the permanent molecular...
optoelectronic
Pertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation...
lithium niobate
A crystalline ferroelectric material used primarily as a substrate and an active medium for thin-film optical modulators and...
optical-grade silicon
The element that resembles a lightweight metal, but when very pure, has a very high electrical resistance and is transparent...
electroluminescent-photoconductive image intensifier
A panel of photoconductive and electroluminescent layers used as either a positive or negative image intensifier, depending...
plane-polarized light
A light beam whose electric vectors all vibrate in a single fixed plane.
internal photoelectric effect
The creation of free electrons within a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons. The effect produces an...
photographic sound recorder
A system in which the electrical signal embedded within an audio input signal is converted to a modulated light pattern and...
MSM photodiode
A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...
solar array
A group of solar cells that are electrically contacted and physically arranged so that they may be oriented in the direction...
ospin
Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...
oscillography
The graphic recording of physical changes vs. time, in electrical quantities, using an oscilloscope.
electromagnon
An electromagnon is a quasiparticle excitation that combines aspects of both magnetism and electric polarization in a...
blue diode laser
A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...
superconductor
A metal, alloy or compound that loses its electrical resistance at temperatures below a certain transition temperature...
electrolytic shutter
A high-speed shutter, similar to a Kerr cell, that uses the birefringence produced in a liquid during the passage of an...
transducer
A transducer is a device or component that converts one form of energy into another. It is commonly used in various fields,...
Franz-Keldysh effect
Observed lengthening in wavelengths of the optical absorption edge of a semiconductor with the application of an electric...
excimer laser
An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...
field ion microscope
An extremely powerful microscope that renders individual ionized atoms visible by using an electric field to propel the ions...
iconoscope
A camera tube that employs a high-velocity electron beam to scan a photoemissive mosaic and to store electrical charge...
amorphous
The disordered, glassy solid state of a substance, as distinguished from the highly ordered crystalline solid state....
optogenetic defibrillation
An optogenetic technique that embeds genetically-engineered proteins to the heart to aid in terminating arrhythmias. After...
explosion spectrum
The light spectrum formed by an explosive reaction or by the electrical explosion of a metallic wire by a strong current.
anode
The part of an electrical circuit in which the electrons leave (a cathode-ray tube) or enter (an electrolytic cell) a unit...
phototelegraphy
A document-transmitting process that uses a cylinder that rotates the document to be scanned and detected by a photoelectric...
piezoelectric crystal
A crystal consisting of a substance that has the ability to become electrically polarized and has strong piezoelectric...
mercury vapor light source
A lamp that has mercury in a tube or bulb that has first been evacuated. The electricity travels through the vapor between...
germanium crystal
Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...
electrostatic focus
The use of an applied electrical field to focus a cathode-ray tube's electron beam.
depletion region
The region at the PN junction in a semiconductor radiation detector where the potential energies of the two materials create...
laser
A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...
piezoelectric effect
The interaction between electrical and mechanical stress-strain factors in a material. When piezoelectric crystal is...
photoelectric emission
The electron emission from a substance or instrument whose surface has been bombarded by a suitable amount of radiation.
indium phosphide
Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...
photonegative
The property exhibited by a substance having electrical conductivity that decreases as the intensity of the incident visible...
farad
The capacitance of a capacitor which has a potential difference of one volt between its plates when it is charged by one...
dielectric coating
A high-reflectance coating consisting of alternating layers of quarter-wave film of a higher refractive index and lower...
photoelectric photometer
Also known as electronic photometer. A photometer with a photocell, phototransistor or phototube for measuring the intensity...
arc spectrum
The spectrum of the light produced by vaporizing an element in an electric arc.
phosphor light source
A source made to glow by electrons that are produced either electrically or by isotopes of various elements.
integrated optics
A thin-film device containing miniature optical components connected via optical waveguides on a transparent dielectric...
ferroelectric domain
The region of a ferroelectric crystal where spontaneous polarization is uniformly directed.
double-layer light amplifier
A device used to create a light output that exceeds light input, the energy being provided by an electric field. It consists...
neon tube
An electron tube containing neon gas that uses the transmission of an electric current through the gas to ionize the neon...
induction linear accelerator
A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser by supplying electrical energy to the electron beam...
second-order nonlinear optical properties
Second-order nonlinear optical properties refer to a class of phenomena exhibited by certain materials in response to...
glow discharge
An electric discharge in a low-pressure gas having a low-current density and a space potential near the cathode that is much...
photoelectric multiplier
A phototube in which the primary photoemission current, before being extracted at the anode, is multiplied many times.
scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...
design and engineering consulting services
Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...
electroforming process
An electrochemical process of metal fabrication using an electrolyte, an anode to supply the metal, and a control of the...
doping
In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...
light fidelity
LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...
optical materials
Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...
mass spectrometer
A device used to measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. It utilizes the Lorentz force...
point-focusing collector
A device used in solar systems to direct mirror-reflected sunlight to a heat absorber and heat-driven engine, which turns a...
Silsbee effect
The ability of an electrical current to destroy superconductivity by means of the magnetic field generated by the current....
arc discharge
The electric arc that is a particular discharge between two electrodes in a gas or vapor which is characterized by high...
resistor
A device having electrical resistance and used in an electric current for purposes of protection, operation or control of...
external photoelectric effect
The ejection of electrons from the surface of a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons.
effective beam
In photoelectric sensing, the portion of the transmitted beam that actually functions in the system; the diameter of the...
inverse photoelectric effect
The changing of the kinetic energy of a mobile electron into radiant energy, as in formation of x-rays.
Stark broadening
Spectrum broadening that results from the influence of an electric field.
amplitude (light)
The magnitude of the electric vector of a wave of light. See electric vector; magnetic vector.
image-enhancing equipment
Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...
Kerr cell
A cell filled with a transparent material that, when placed in a strong electrical field, exhibits double refraction. Since...
organic light-emitting diode
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) technology that utilizes organic compounds to...
scanning tunneling microscope
A high-resolution imaging instrument that can detect and measure the positions of individual atoms on the surface of a...
optical gate
An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...
bremsstrahlung
Electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by an electron as it is accelerated or decelerated while moving through the...
conductance
A material property that is the inverse of its resistance to the flow of electricity.
capacitance
The ability of a conductor to store an electrical charge; its value is given in farads as the ratio of the stored charge on...
electric dichroism spectroscopy
The use of a krypton laser system for the measurement of small molecules aligned by an electric field, by analyzing the...
ultrasonic camera
A device that uses a piezoelectric crystal to convert ultrasonic sound waves, transmitted through a subject, into a voltage...
plasma accelerator
A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...
electrostriction
Elastic deformation of a dielectric caused by volume force when the dielectric is placed in an inhomogeneous electric field.
magnetically focused image tube
A vacuum tube in which a magnetic field is superimposed onto the tube's electrical field. When the two fields are aligned,...
electrowetting display
An electrowetting display (EWD) is a type of electronic display technology that utilizes the principles of electrowetting to...
selenium cell
A photoconductive cell consisting of a layer of selenium on a substrate whose electrical resistance varies with the...
bore
The central hole running the full length of a laser capillary tube, in which electrical discharge and laser action take...
Nipkow disc scanner
A device consisting of a disc with a spiral arrangement of holes that is used to convert visible patterns into electrical...
GaN-based LEDs
Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...
phase-modulated sensor
A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...
electro-optic detector
A device that detects radiation by utilizing the influence of light in forming an electrical signal. It may be a phototube;...
modulator crystal
A nonlinear crystal used to modulate a polarized beam of light by means of the Pockels effect. A Pockels cell is used as a...
electron optics
The control of free electron movement through the use of electrical or magnetic fields, and use of this electron movement in...
electrolytic development
Developing a photographic image by means of an applied electric field. The methods used include electrolysis and...
acousto-optic tunable filter
A bulk crystalline optic which permits the propagation of light through a volume of index altered material. The variation in...
impurity ion
An alien, electrically charged atomic system in a solid; an ion substituted for the constituent atom or ion in a crystal...
junction diode
A semiconductor device with the property of conducting current more easily in one direction than the other. It has two...
Rydberg atom
The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...
isolator
In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...
metallic mesh filter
An interference filter in which a very thin metal foil with a periodic array of square holes (inductive mesh) or a thin...
dynamic variation
In electrical equipment, power variations that are temporary (as opposed to the permanent, cumulative effects of drift).
fiber optic sensor
A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...
sapphire
Sapphire refers to a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that is used in various optical and photonic applications...
linear element
A device for which the output electric field is linearly proportional to the input electric field, and no new wavelengths or...
electrophoresis
The movement of particles or ions in a solution toward the electrode having the opposite sign because of the application of...
phase shifting
A technique used to generate a phase shift between reference and sample light beams. The phase shift can be performed...
gallium nitride
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...
photoelectron microscopy
Surface analysis by means of photon induced electron emission. PEM methods provide high lateral resolution of the observed...
facsimile machine
A device used to transmit and receive images that have been converted to electrical signals over regular telephone lines; it...
micro-robotics
Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...
rare-earth elements
Rare-earth elements (REEs) are a group of seventeen chemical elements found in the Earth's crust, characterized by their...
carrier injection
Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...
modulation spectroscopy
A method of spectral analysis in which some property of the sample is varied and the corresponding change is measured. The...
transverse electric mode
Faraday constant
The product of Avogadro's constant and the electrical charge of an electron; thus, the electrical charge carried by 1 gmol...
image enhancing equipment
Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...
sun-tracking concentrator
Controlled beam technology that introduces beams of sunlight through holes in a roof that are relayed throughout the...
lead zirconate titanate
A ferroelectric polycrystalline ceramic material used in optical memories for computers and as a piezoelectric transducer.
die bonding
Die bonding is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics assembly, where a semiconductor die or...
pyroelectric infrared detector
Unlike the thermocouple or bolometer, the pyroelectric infrared detector is a current source with an output proportional to...
thermoelectric cooling
A refrigeration method based on the Peltier effect. When an electric current passes through a thermocouple of two dissimilar...
sunlight recorder
An instrument consisting essentially of a photoelectric cell filtered to respond to a specified wavelength region, an...
electrophotography
The photographic recording of an image formed by the alteration in electrical properties of the sensitive materials and...
probe card
A probe card is a testing device used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to evaluate and test the electrical...
far-infrared laser
A laser with output over a wide range of wavelengths spanning the far-infrared region of the spectrum (30 to 1000 µm);...
photodiode detector
A photodiode detector is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It operates based on the...
photoelectromotive force
The force that stimulates the emission of an electrical current when photovoltaic action creates a potential difference...
light meter
Any device that is used to sense and measure light. See exposure meter; photoelectric exposure meter; photoelectric...
fiber optic transceiver
A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
electro-optic effect
The change in the refractive index of a material under the influence of an electrical field.
Gaussian beam
A beam of light whose electrical field amplitude distribution is Gaussian. When such a beam is circular in cross section,...
Peltier effect
See thermoelectric cooling.
corner cube
A corner cube, also known as a corner reflector or retroreflector prism, is a type of optical device used to reflect light...
electronically controlled coupling
The use of an electric field or signal to couple a lightwave from one dielectric waveguide into another dielectric waveguide.
image photocounting distribution
Photon flow created by imaging of light into a detector array; IPD is the electrical signal used by the image processor in a...
Kramers-Kronig relation
Analysis of the reflection spectrum that allows the determination of the experimental dielectric function.
open optical interface
An interface in an optical network that permits an optical signal to pass without changing the optical signal to an...
chip-on-board lights
Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...
oscillograph
An instrument used to record rapidly varying currents or voltages. An oscillograph may consist of a cathode-ray tube...
voltaic cell
An electric cell having two electrodes of unlike metals immersed in a solution that chemically affects one or both of them,...
field emission display
An X-Y electrically addressable series of arrays with individual electron emitters bombarding a phosphor-coated transparent...
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
thermophotovoltaic
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...
filament emission
The freeing of electrons from a filament in an electron tube as the result of the filament being heated by an electric...
photoelectric relay
A relay that opens or closes an electrical circuit depending on the intensity of the light incident to a photoelectric...
diode-pumped solid-state laser
A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a type of laser system that uses semiconductor diode lasers to pump energy into...
oscilloscope
A system in which a supplied signal causes the deflection of the electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, thus forming a visible...
photoelectric absorption
The transformation of incident radiant energy into a photoelectric emission current.
idiochromatic
Pertaining to the possession of photoelectric characteristics as a result of the properties of the true crystal and not of...
resistance heater
A crucible made of electrically resistive material through which a current is passed to heat the material inside, which then...
laser active elements
Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...
facsimile
The reproduction of a picture or image, produced by scanning the image and converting it into electrical signals that carry...
electromagnetic lens
An electron lens consisting of a homogeneous axial electric field and a magnetic field used in high-quality image tubes for...
inertial fusion energy
Inertial fusion energy (IFE) refers to a proposed method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy released from...
nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy
A chemical detection technique used to measure molecules that have a magnetic dipole moment. The analysis is directed to...
phototube relay
A photoelectrical relay that uses a phototube as its photoelectric device to open and close an electrical relay; used to...
galvanometer
An instrument for detecting or measuring small electric currents.
photomultiplier tube
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...
scintillation detector
A scintillation detector is a radiation detection device that utilizes scintillation crystals to detect and measure ionizing...
liquid crystal on silicon
Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...
matrix unit
An electrical or optical device used to convert color coordinates.
optical barcode reader
An optical barcode reader, commonly known as a barcode scanner, is a device that uses optical technology to capture and...
electroholography
A technology that uses electrically activated holograms stored within specially developed crystals to route information in...
self-phase modulation
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that occurs when an intense laser beam passes through a...
atomic force microscope
An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...
right-hand polarized wave
A wave that is polarized elliptically or circularly polarized and in which the electric field vector — observed while...
phase conjugation
The use of a reflective device, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials including gases, solids, dyes, aerosols,...
breadboard
An experimental model of an electrical circuit or complex assembly; a prototype.
transparent electrophotographic films
Imaging materials that generally consist of a polyester base, a transparent electrically conductive layer and an organic...
helium-neon laser
A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...
photodiode
A two-electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with...
near-field region
The area closest to an aperture or source where the diffraction pattern differs substantially from that observed at an...
detector array
A detector array refers to a collection of individual detector elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid or matrix format....
galvanoluminescence
The emission of radiant energy produced by the passage of an electrical current through an appropriate electrolyte in which...
bionics
The application of observed operational processes of sophisticated living organisms to mechanical and electrical systems in...
waveguide
A waveguide is a physical structure or device that is designed to confine and guide electromagnetic waves, such as radio...
photoelectric effect
The emission of an electron from a surface that occurs when a photon impinges upon the surface and is absorbed. This effect...
short-arc lamp
A compact high-pressure light source in which an electrical discharge between electrodes spaced no more than 12 mm apart...
electric-discharge lamp
A lamp that uses the transmission of an electric current through a gas or vapor to produce illumination. Neon, mercury and...
electro-optic material
A material having refractive indices that can be altered by an applied electric field.
inverse piezoelectric effect
The resulting contraction or expansion of a piezoelectric crystal along an electric axis when the crystal is under the...
positive dielectric anisotropy
The dielectric coefficient parallel to the director in a liquid crystal display (LCD), rather than perpendicular to the...
Destriau effect
Observed electroluminescence of zinc sulfide phosphors when excited by an electric field. This effect is the basis for the...
time domain
The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
glass annealing furnace
A furnace, generally electrically heated, with a control system capable of following a cam by which the temperature can be...
silicon carbide light-emitting diodes
Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...
cathode radiant sensitivity
Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...
polariton
A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...
tip-enhanced Raman scattering
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...
optical coatings
Optical coatings are thin layers of materials applied to optical components, such as lenses, mirrors, filters, and prisms,...
vacuum phototube
A phototube that functions within a vacuum and thus eliminates the effects of gaseous ionization on its electrical...
piezoelectric motion systems
Piezoelectric motion systems are mechanical systems that utilize piezoelectric materials to generate controlled motion or...
electrosensitive recording
A technique that uses the passage of an electrical current through a recording medium to produce a permanent image on that...
accelerometer
An accelerometer is a sensor or transducer that measures the rate of change of velocity of an object, or in simpler terms,...
thermistor
A solid-state semiconducting structure (basically one of the bolometers) that changes electrical resistance with...
telephotography
1. A method of photographing distant objects with a lens of long focal length. 2. The reproduction of photographs over a...
electric quadrupole lens
A device that uses four electrodes set in an alternating positive-negative polarity series to focus the beams of charged...
bulk acoustic wave
A sound wave that travels through a piezoelectric material.
halogen lamp
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...
Brewster's angle
For light incident on a plane boundary between two regions having different refractive indices, the angle of incidence at...
thin-film waveguide
A transparent dielectric film, bounded by material of a lower index of refraction, capable of guiding light.
electrostatic lens
The electrical distribution that serves to influence an electron beam in the same way that an optical lens affects a light...
copper oxide photocell
An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...
sodium light source
An electric discharge lamp in which the conducting vapor is that of metallic sodium instead of the usual mercury. It emits a...
crystal oscillator
An oscillator that uses a piezoelectric crystal to control its frequency.
mode-locked lasers
Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...
infrared instrument
Any of the photoelectric and thermal detectors, spectrographs and monochromators, thermographs, scanners, amplifier tubes,...
cesium chloride
Colorless crystals used in photoelectric cells and for photosensitive material in cathodes.
solar battery
A series of solar cells arranged to collect solar radiation and to generate a given amount of electrical energy.
photoelectric reflectometer
A photoelectric photometer used to measure the reflectance of a surface.
smart pixel array
An array of active optical devices (modulators, laser diodes and/or detectors), each of whose electrical inputs or outputs...
photoelectric densitometer
photoelectron
Electron released in photoelectric activity.
anisotropy
Anisotropy refers to the property of exhibiting different values or characteristics when measured in different directions....
infrared camera
An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...
photocathode
An electrode used to release photoelectric emission when irradiated, making it then the irradiated negative electrode of a...
nonlinear optical phase conjugation
The coupling of laser or light beams via nonlinear optical techniques such as four-wave mixing to achieve spatial variation...
epitaxial
Epitaxial refers to the growth of a crystalline layer on a crystalline substrate in such a way that the orientation of the...
glass capacitor
A capacitor that uses glass as its dielectric material.
photoelectric current
The electron stream emitted by a phototube when the cathode is exposed to light.
optical chopper
A mechanical or electrical-electromagnetic device for periodically interrupting or blocking abeam of light for a brief known...
transversely excited atmosphere carbon dioxide laser
Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...
beamsplitter
A beamsplitter is an optical device for dividing a beam into two or more separate beams. A simple beamsplitter may be a very...
Seebeck effect
Characteristic of dissimilar metals in thermoelectric solar cells whereby separate junctions exhibiting distinct...
ion laser
A laser in which the transition involved in stimulated emission of radiation takes place between two levels of an ionized...
laser diode module
A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...
electromagnetic theory
The theory of propagation of energy by combined electric and magnetic fields included in Maxwell's equations.
dielectric filter
photoelectric mixing
Also known as light beating. The mixing of two narrowband optical components to produce an AC component in the photocurrent...
rare earth dopants
Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...
pyroelectric pulse detector
A current-source thermal detector used to detect and study the pulses obtained from particular lasers.
Stark effect
The splitting or shifting of spectral lines or energy levels caused by the application of a strong transverse electrical...
Butterworth filter
An electric filter that is characterized by a passband of the flattest possible shape.
metasurfaces
Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...
optical coherence tomography imaging system
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...
capacitor
A device that accumulates and stores electrical energy to introduce capacitance into a circuit. Basically, it is composed of...
Luneburg lens
A dielectric sphere with an index of refraction that varies with distance from the sphere center. A parallel beam of rays is...
electrostatic storage
Information storage on a dielectric medium that represents the data as those spots on the medium having electrostatic...
transverse field modulator
A Pockels cell in which electrical current is applied in a direction orthogonally to that of the light beam.
traveling wave phototube
A traveling wave tube (TWT) containing a photocathode and window that, receiving a laser beam, produces a modified...
nonlinear optical crystal
An optical crystal that possesses a strong nonlinear dielectric response function to optical radiation. A material with a...
ferroelectric film
Film in which electric polarization is reversible when influenced by an electric field.
photon jet
A photon jet is a narrow, highly collimated beam of light that is formed when light interacts with small dielectric...
broadband dielectric mirrors
Broadband dielectric mirrors, also known as broadband mirrors, are optical coatings designed to efficiently reflect or...
orthicon
A television camera tube in which a low-velocity electron beam scans a photoactive mosaic that has been created by an...
near-field scanning
A measurement technique used to determine the spatial distribution profile of an electrical or optical quantity of interest...
thick-phase material
A type of recording material, usually a photodielectric polymer, offering in situ development mechanisms because of its...
laser annealing
Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically...
photoelectric colorimetry
The measurement and analysis of color using a photoelectric instrument having three filters with broad spectrum bands.
dielectric cylindrical waveguide
A waveguide made up of a dielectric material, such as plastic or mica, in a cylindrical form, through which the waves travel.
spatial light modulator
A spatial light modulator (SLM) is an optical device that modulates or manipulates the amplitude, phase, or polarization of...
mass spectrograph
A device that uses electromagnetic fields to separate electrically charged particles according to their masses. As a beam of...
transverse mode
In the context of optics and lasers, a transverse mode refers to a specific spatial pattern of the electric field within the...
dielectric
Exhibiting the characteristic of materials that are electrical insulators or in which an electric field can be sustained...
nanoLED
An LED (light-emitting diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...
beryllium oxide
A dielectric ceramic material used in laser capillary tubes because of its high electrical resistivity and high thermal...
photovoltaic effect
The generation of a difference in electric potential between two electrodes when radiation is incident on one of them.
photoelectric counter
A device used to count objects that pass a given point by allowing each object to obstruct a beam of light falling on a...
nanotube
A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...
azimuth angle
1. In astronomy, the angle measured clockwise (eastward) in a horizontal plane, usually from north (true north, Y-north,...
pixel binning
Pixel binning, also known as pixel merging or pixel combining, is a technique used in digital imaging and camera technology....
dichroic mirror
A dichroic mirror, also known as a dichroic beamsplitter or interference filter beamsplitter, is an optical device that...
FTIR spectrometer
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...
dust counter
An instrument that uses a photoelectric system to determine the size and volume of dust particles in a given unit of air.
spectrofluorometer
An automatic scanning instrument that is used to study a substance's fluorescence over a wide range of wavelengths. It...
photoelectric spectrophotometer
A system that consists of a spectrophotometer with a photoelectric detector for measurement of radiant energy.
tungsten lamp
An evacuated bulb containing a tungsten filament that is heated by passing an electric current through it. In domestic light...
circularly polarized light
A light beam whose electric vectors can be broken into two perpendicular elements that have equal amplitudes and that differ...
passive-matrix OLED display
An OLED display formed by creating an array of OLED pixels connected by intersecting anode and cathode conductors arranged...
ultrasonic detector
A mechanical, electrical, thermal or optical detector designed to identify and measure ultrasonic radiation.
photodetector
A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...
embedded vision
Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...
polarization
Polarization refers to the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave, such as light waves, radio waves, or other...
Pockels cell
A Pockels cell, also known as an electro-optic modulator, is an optical device used to control the polarization of light by...
photocathode luminous sensitivity
The responsivity of a photocathode to luminous energy equal to the ratio of the photoelectric emission to the incident...
cataphoretic effect
The attraction of particles suspended in a solution to a cathode, as a result of an electric field.
oximeter
A device that uses a photoelectric cell to determine the level of oxygenation in the blood.
homogeneous multilayer coating
A thin film of absorbing or nonabsorbing layers in which the absorption of radiation at any point is directly proportional...
dielectric lens
A lens made up of a dielectric material that is capable of influencing radio waves much in the same way an optical lens...
metal arc
The electrical arc formed between metal rods that emits the spectrum of the metal itself. Commonly used in the chemical...
digital camera
A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...
Hall effect
The development of a transverse electric field in a solid material when it carries an electric current and is placed in a...
dielectric constant
A number that indicates the magnitude of the shift in a solid of positive and negative charges in opposite directions when a...
current saturation
A condition during laser operation when laser output can no longer be increased by additional electric current.
scintillation crystal
A scintillation crystal, also known simply as a scintillator, is a material that emits light when it interacts with ionizing...
biplanar lens
Electron lens consisting of an homogeneous axial electric field.
thermography
Thermography is a technique that involves the use of an infrared imaging device, called a thermal camera or infrared camera,...
motion controller
In optics, a motion controller refers to a device or system that precisely controls the movement of optical components, such...
static electricity
 negative dielectric anisotropy
State typically studied in liquid crystals in which the dielectric coefficient parallel to the director is less than the...
laser detector
Device that operates by interaction of incident radiation with semiconductor based material in order to produce an...
ferroelectric materials
Ferroelectric materials are a type of dielectric materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, meaning they...
interference filter
A filter that controls the spectral composition of transmitted energy partially by the effects of interference. Frequently,...
exciter lamp
A small incandescent lamp whose intense beam is focused on the optical soundtrack of a motion picture film. The soundtrack...
photoelectric cathode
A cathode principally designed to emit a photoelectric current.
electron lens
An electric field produced to influence an electron stream much in the same manner that a lens affects a light beam.
laser output
The laser output refers to the generated and emitted light produced by a laser system. This output is characterized by...
scalar diffraction theory
Scalar diffraction theory is a simplified approach used to describe the propagation of electromagnetic waves, particularly...
brightness meter
An instrument for measuring the brightness (luminance) of a scene. It may be a spot meter, covering an area of a degree or...
acetone
Optic surface cleaning liquid that may be applied to glass, crystal, dielectric and metal surfaces; however, may not be...
diode laser
A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....
photoelectric tube
mid-infrared camera
A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...
light source power
The electrical power used to stimulate any light source. Power supplies may be step-up or step-down transformers; rectifiers...
henry
The inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of one volt is produced when the electric current in the...
coulomb
The quantity (C) of electricity transported in one second by a current of one ampere.
perovskite
The term perovskite refers to a specific crystal structure commonly found in various materials. Perovskite structures have a...
antistatic coating
An electrically conductive layer for carrying off static charges that might accumulate on a surface.
photoemissive tube photometer
A photometer that uses a photoemissive tube to detect and measure light. See photoelectric photometry.
electro-optic modulator
An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...
quantum efficiency
Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...
time-correlated single photon counting
Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...
optical switching
Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...
unipolar
Refers to the transistors in which the working current flows through only one type of semiconductor material, either P-type...
covalent crystal
A crystal formed by covalent bonds that are generally highly directional by nature. The electric characteristics of these...
electromagnetic radiation
Radiation emitted from vibrating charged particles. A combination of oscillating electrical and magnetic fields that...
hybrid mode
A mode possessing components of both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.
photoelectric scanner
A system mounted a few inches above a moving plane that consists of a light source, lenses and one or more phototubes. In...
nonlinear optical materials
Nonlinear optical materials are substances that exhibit optical properties that are not linearly proportional to the...
gas laser
One of the first lasers to find practical application. Generally, the pumping mechanism is an electric discharge, although...
electron-gun system
An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...
detector
1. A device designed to convert the energy of incident radiation into another form for the determination of the presence of...
Pockels
In optics, the Pockels effect refers to the phenomenon where the refractive index of a material changes in response to an...
channel electron multiplier
A photoelectric detector consisting of a glass tube internally coated with a low conductance material. Voltage applied along...
photoelectric fluorometer
A filter fluorometer that uses a photomultiplier tube to detect the fluorescence of a sample.
cesium vapor lamp
A lamp that emits light as the result of the passage of an electrical current through ionized cesium vapor.
vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser
A laser that has a surface-emitting semiconductor gain element coupled to an external mirror designed to complete the laser...
potentiometer
A device designed to measure electromotive force or electrical difference potential.
sputtering target
A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
cesium 134
An isotope of cesium that emits negative beta particles and has a half-life of 2.19 years; its applications include...
photoelectric constant
The constant that, multiplied by the frequency of the radiation-producing emission of photoelectrons, determines the amount...
nanopositioning
Nanopositioning refers to the precise and controlled movement or manipulation of objects or components at the nanometer...
Ruticon
A ruticon is an opto-electronic device in which light going through it can be modulated by an electric field. The...
semiconductor
A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
topological photonics
Topological photonics is a branch of physics and optics that explores the application of topological concepts to the...
liquid crystal light valve
A liquid crystal light valve (LCLV), also known as a spatial light modulator (SLM), is an optical device that modulates the...
radio-frequency light source
A very uncommon lamp in which a tungsten electrode is heated to incandescence by a radio-frequency electrical current.
crystal filter
A bandpass filter with piezoelectric crystal components for the passage or impedance of electrical signals of various...
ferroelectricity
The phenomenon whereby certain crystals exhibit spontaneous electric polarization. It is analogous with ferromagnetism.
electrostatic image dissector
A nonmagnetic instrument utilizing an electrofocus and deflection tube with a photocathode for imaging purposes. The optical...
electron filter lens
An electrostatic device that uses an electric potential barrier to allow the transmittance of electrons at or above a set...
piezoelectric axis
With respect to a crystal, one of the paths or axes that will exhibit a piezoelectric charge when subject to tension or...
light valve
With respect to display systems, a device that uses an independent light source and a control-layer medium, the active...
piezoelectric transducers and ceramic materials
Piezoelectric transducers are devices that utilize the piezoelectric effect to convert electrical energy into mechanical...
photoreflectance
A noncontact form of electromodulation in which modulation of the electric field is caused by photo-excited electron-hole...
light-emitting diode
An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...
digital signal processing
Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...
Marx effect
The decrease in the energy of a photoelectric emission as a result of the simultaneous incidence of radiation having lower...
photoelectric sensitivity
That property of a material that determines its ability to release electrons when absorbing photons.
Kerr effect
The Kerr effect, named after the physicist John Kerr who first observed it in 1875, is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where...
magnon
A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...
metamaterial
Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring substances. These...
liquid crystal
Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exhibits properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid...
barium titanate
A crystalline material used in piezoelectric devices.
thermoelectric solar cell
A solar cell that uses a thermoelectric converter, consisting of two sheets of metal with a semiconductor sandwiched between...
electroluminescent display
The utilization of the light produced when electrical energy is directly converted into light within devices used for visual...
photodielectric effect
The effect, present in particular phosphors, that is defined as a transformation in the dielectric constant of a material...
InGaAs photodiode
An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...
photoelectric pyrometer
An instrument used to measure the temperature of a source through the use of photoelectric cells to detect and measure the...
electro-optic transistor
A transistor designed to respond to either light or electrical signals.
cathode
1. The negative electrode of a device in an electrical circuit. 2. The positive electrode of a primary cell or storage...
evaporation coating
Coating carried out in a sealed chamber evacuated by a mechanical pump in series with an oil diffusion pump to a pressure...
half-wave voltage
That voltage required across a Pockels, Kerr or other electro-optic light modulator to retard one polarization electrical...

(531 results found)

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